Article Summary:

• The well-known antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) are attributable to its ability to react as a both lipid- and water-soluble nutrient. 
• Although R-lipoic acid is more bioavailable than its S-enantiomer, the overall bioavailability of lipoic acid is significantly low (30%).
• Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery nanotechnology optimizes the solubility and absorption of lipoic acid, which greatly enhances its health benefits.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a critical component in the mitochondria and is necessary for multiple enzymatic functions. Chemically, ALA is present as R- and S-lipoic acid – enantiomers. Although R-lipoic acid is present naturally and is endogenously produced by living organisms, the low quantities of ALA synthesized by the body are insufficient to fulfill the body’s cellular energy requirements. Thus, ALA is mainly obtained from food sources, particularly fruits, vegetables, and meat. Nutritional supplements can also increase the naturally low levels of lipoic acid in the body. 

Below, we discuss how R-lipoic acid acts as an antioxidant and exerts beneficial effects on endocrine health and why you should consider including an advanced lipoic acid supplement in your diet.*

R-Lipoic Acid as An Antioxidant*

ALA plays a vital role in mitochondrial dehydrogenase reactions, which drive cellular energy production.* It also serves as an enzymatic co-factor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and contributes to the regulation of gene transcription.* Discovered in the 1950s for its antioxidant properties, ALA, along with its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), is recognized as an excellent antioxidant and free radical scavenger.*

R-lipoic acid, the naturally occurring ALA, has a broad spectrum of action toward boosting the endogenous antioxidant system. One unique characteristic of ALA over other antioxidants is its ability to react as both a lipid-soluble and water-soluble compound. This versatility allows it to protect cellular components across diverse biological systems. The following table summarizes how R-lipoic acid acts as an antioxidant and contributes tooverall health and wellness.*  

How Does R-lipoic Acid Work as An Antioxidant?
Restoring the intrinsic antioxidant system: R-lipoic acid protects cellular membranes from the harmful effects of free radicals by interacting with vitamin C and glutathione, which, in turn, recycle vitamin E.* R-lipoic acid also increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, strengthening the intrinsic antioxidant system, which is the reason it is often called the ‘universal antioxidant.’*
Acting as a chelating agent: Lipoic acid increases glutathione levels in cells that chelate and excrete various toxins, especially toxic metals, from the body.* Lipoic acid is suggested for heavy metal detoxification1, particularly for detoxifying mercury.*
Modulating various signaling pathways: Lipoic acid functions as a redox regulator of proteins, including prolactin, myoglobin, thioredoxin, and NF-kappa B transcription factor.* Lipoic acid upregulates several cell signaling pathways, including oxidant (Nrf2) and insulin signaling.*
Acting as a detoxification agent: R-lipoic acid can work2 as a potential first agent for protection from mycotoxins — the toxic compounds produced by fungi or molds.*
Neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS): Lipoate, or its reduced form dihydrolipoate, reacts with reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, peroxyl radicals, hypochlorous radicals, and singlet oxygen to mitigate oxidative stress.*

The therapeutic benefits of ALA are diminished due to its pharmacokinetic profile, which includes poor bioavailability triggered by its degradation in the liver, reduced solubility, and instability in the stomach. Although R-lipoic acid is more bioavailable than its S-enantiomer, its overall poor bioavailability dictates advanced formulations to enhance its absorption. 

Including An Advanced R-Lipoic Acid Formulation in Your Diet

RLA Pro SR is an innovative R-lipoic acid formulation developed by Tesseract Medical Research. This hypoallergenic formulation contains the R-isomer of lipoic acid for optimized therapeutic efficacy.* The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology further enhances the bioavailability and absorption of lipoic acid, making it a therapeutic reality. 

The CyLoc® technology encases individual R-lipoic acid molecules in its dextrin fiber matrix to protect them from degrading during their transit through the gastrointestinal tract. The accompanying DexKey® reactors release the active nutrient molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract for maximum absorption. The unprecedented absorption of R-lipoic acid through the gut wall enables micro-dosing — using lesser amounts of active nutrients than previously required to achieve the desired therapeutic outcome. With this revolutionary nutrient delivery smart system, a single capsule of RLA Pro SR can achieve a powerful and immediate physiological response. 

Citations:

¹Bjørklund G, et al. Insights on alpha lipoic and dihydrolipoic acids as promising scavengers of oxidative stress and possible chelators in mercury toxicology. Journal of inorganic biochemistry vol. 195 (2019):111-119. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.019

²Rogers SA. Lipoic acid as a potential first agent for protection from mycotoxins and treatment of mycotoxicosis. Archives of environmental health vol. 58,8 (2003): 528-532. doi:10.3200/AEOH.58.8.528-532

Article Summary:

• A nutrient-rich diet, improved air quality, and an active lifestyle are critical to promote respiratory health. 
• Supplements for respiratory health fill nutritional gaps in the diet and contain compounds that exert antioxidant effects to protect lung cells from oxidative stress.* 
• Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery nanotechnology enhances the bioavailability and absorption of active nutrients in respiratory health supplements that are otherwise difficult to absorb. 

Healthy lungs are critical to your overall health and wellness. Although your body has a natural defense system designed to protect your lungs, continuous exposure to poor air quality, pathogens, and unhealthy lifestyle and dietary habits can compromise lung function. Promoting respiratory health involves creating a cleaner environment (such as allowing for more fresh air circulation), adopting healthier lifestyle choices, and consuming  a nutrient-rich, balanced diet. Nutritional supplements designed to promote respiratory health can help address potential nutritional gaps and provide targeted support for maintaining optimal pulmonary function. 

So, what should you look for when considering supplements that can support your respiratory health? 

• Effective botanical extracts: Plant-derived active nutrients have been associated with improving lung function in individuals who have respiratory health conditions.* 

• Nutrient delivery system: Supplement formulations that use an advanced nutrient delivery system for targeted delivery and optimal absorption of active nutrients are more effective than conventional formulations.

Below, we discuss some of the common plant-derived ingredients used in respiratory health supplements and how a proprietary smart delivery system developed by Tesseract Medical Research enhances the absorption of active nutrients. 

Common Ingredients in Respiratory Health Supplements

A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and nutritious beverages is often recommended for respiratory health. Food sources, such as dark leafy vegetables, broccoli, pumpkin, peppers, tomatoes, blueberries, fatty fish, oysters, olive oil, coffee, and green tea, benefit lung function. The therapeutic effects of healthy dietary patterns on respiratory health are largely attributed to the presence of antioxidants in fruits and vegetables. 

Studies indicate that antioxidants exert protective effects against free radicals and limit the extent of cellular damage and inflammation caused by oxidative stress on your respiratory system, especially the lungs. Vitamin C and E, carotenoids, plant polyphenols, and flavonoids are several well-known antioxidants that promote healthy lung function.* Additionally, minerals with antioxidant activity, including selenium, copper, manganese, and zinc, are critical co-factors in supporting the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidases.* Non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as glutathione and coenzyme Q10, can also improve the functional performance of your respiratory system.  

The following table highlights some common plant-derived active ingredients in respiratory health supplement formulations.

Ingredients to Look for in Supplements that Support Lung Health
Ingredient	Health Benefits
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus essential oils have been traditionally used across cultures to relieve nose and chest congestion.* Cineole or Eucalyptol assists in the thinning and expelling of mucus to clear airways and provide respiratory support.*
Peppermint	Menthol, the primary component of peppermint oil, helps clear nasal passages by loosening excess mucus accumulation.*
Fenugreek	The fenugreek seed extract contains1 polyphenols, flavonoids, unsaturated fatty acids, alkaloids, mucilage, vitamins, minerals, and lipids. The nutrients in fenugreek seed extract exert antioxidant properties and help maintain healthy inflammatory responses to promote respiratory health.*
Licorice	Licorice root extract contains nutrients, such as glycyrrhizin, that exert antioxidant effects and have been traditionally used to soothe sore throats.*
Turpentine tree extract	Turpentine tree extracts contain isoprenoids and terpenoids that have antioxidant activity that can protect lung cells from oxidative stress.*
Pine bark extract	Pine bark extracts contain polyphenols (phenolic acids) and flavonoids (catechins and procyanidins) with high antioxidant activities to support lung health.*
Guaiac wood oil extract	Guaiac wood oil is extracted from the Bulnesia sarmientoi tree and contains nutrients, such as guaiol, that can limit the harmful effects of oxidative stress on lung cells.*

Several of these plant-derived active ingredients have poor natural bioavailability and absorption, which can adversely influence their efficacy in a supplement formulation. Advanced nutrient delivery technology can optimize the solubility of these active nutrients, making them a therapeutic reality. 

Including An Advanced Respiratory Health Supplement Formulation in Your Diet

MuSolve SR®, developed by Tesseract Medical Research, is a mucus-resolving nutritional supplement that contains a blend of isolate extracts of terpenes and oils from eucalyptus, pine bark, peppermint, fenugreek, turpentine tree, and guaiac wood.* The botanical isolates downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in imbalanced immune responses.* The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables optimal absorption of the active nutrients at the desired point in the intestinal tract. The unprecedented absorption of the nutrient molecules provides nutritional support to individuals experiencing adverse respiratory conditions.* 

Citations:

¹Emtiazy M, et al. Investigating the effectiveness of the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) seeds . . . : a randomized controlled trial. Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology: official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology vol. 14 19. 2 May. 2018, doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0238-9

Article Summary:

• Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, immuno-supportive, and anti-apoptotic properties that promote healthy aging. 
• The poor bioavailability and absorption of quercetin impact its efficacy. 
• Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery technology optimizes the solubility and absorption of quercetin to make its use a therapeutic reality.   

Aging is a complex process associated with a progressive decline in cellular and physiological function, accumulation of damaged cells, and an increased risk of adverse chronic health conditions. One of the primary drivers of aging-related changes is the accumulation of cellular damage inflicted by free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS). These highly reactive molecules are byproducts of normal metabolic processes but can cause significant harm when their production exceeds the body’s antioxidant defenses. This imbalance, known as oxidative stress, contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death, and adverse inflammatory responses–key mechanisms underlying aging and age-related disorders. 

Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, offers potential benefits for addressing oxidative stress.. As a lipophilic molecule with potent antioxidant properties, quercetin helps neutralize free radicals and maintain the body’s natural inflammatory responses.* Although the body cannot synthesize  quercetin, dietary intake or supplementation of this flavonoid can play a critical role in mitigating oxidative stress and promoting cellular resilience, thereby supporting healthy aging.* 

Below, we discuss quercetin’s benefits that help slow the progressive decline of essential health functions and support healthy aging.*

How does Quercetin Benefit Healthy Aging?

Quercetin is a bioactive compound commonly present in most diets. Found in different fruits and vegetables, such as apples, red grapes, citrus fruits, cherries, berries, onions, asparagus, and red-leaf lettuce, quercetin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids. Its diverse biological activities make quercetin a valuable nutrient for promoting healthy aging and supporting overall cellular health by functioning as an:

• Antioxidant: It can effectively scavenge  reactive oxygen species (ROS).* By neutralizing ROS, quercetin helps preserve mitochondrial function and cellular integrity.*
• Immunomodulant: It has the ability to help maintain the body’s natural inflammatory response, thus inhibiting adverse immune reactions.*
• Anti-apoptotic: It has the ability to interfere with or inhibit the process of excessive apoptosis or programmed cell death to preserve cellular function and slow degenerative changes that occur with age.*

The following table highlights the mechanisms through which quercetin exerts its benefits on aging. 

How does Quercetin Support Healthy Aging?
Limiting bone mass and bone mineral loss: Bone degeneration is a major aging-related condition. Quercetin benefits bone structure and the conformation of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) through the upregulation of bone mineralization.*
Up-regulating SIRT1 cell signaling pathway: SIRT1 protein promotes mitochondrial function, and its up-regulation inhibits cell death, promotes cell survival, and prolongs the lifespan of cells. Research1 indicates quercetin targets SIRT1 to regulate cellular senescence and multiple aging-related cellular processes.*
Mitigating the effects of aging: Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) — a set of characteristics displayed by aging or senescent cells, includes the secretion of high levels of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, immune modulators, and proteases. Quercetin helps limit the expression of senescent cell markers and inhibits the production of SASP.*
Exerting benefits on the central nervous system: A study2 indicated that quercetin protects against age-related neurodegeneration.* Quercetin regulates the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 cell signaling pathway, which counteracts and limits oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death.*
Limiting glutathione depletion: Quercetin enhances the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the body, thereby inhibiting glutathione depletion.* By maintaining mitochondrial glutathione levels, quercetin protects against free radical damage to multiple cellular components.*
Addressing immunosenescence: Quercetin has a direct beneficial effect on up-regulating the positive functions of immune cells, including inhibiting histamine and serotonin release from intestinal mast cells.*
Inhibiting the activity of NF-κB signaling pathway: Quercetin inhibits3 the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which protects cardiac tissues from damage caused by free radicals.*

Although quercetin’s benefits and safety profile are well established, the poor natural bioavailability of quercetin in the gastrointestinal tract hinders its efficacy. Various pharmacological approaches, including nanotechnology, are aimed at enhancing quercetin’s solubility and subsequent absorption. 

Including Quercetin Benefits in Your Diet

Tesseract’s QuerciSorb® is an innovative quercetin formulation developed for optimal bioavailability and absorption. The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology protects the integrity of quercetin molecules during their transit through the stomach and ensures targeted delivery. The CyLoc® technology encases individual quercetin molecules in its smart delivery system. The accompanying DexKey® reactors release each molecule at the desired point in the intestinal tract to achieve maximum absorption. 

With optimal solubility and absorption of quercetin, Quercisorb® can achieve quercetin’s multiple benefits for healthy aging.*

Citations:

^1,2Cui Z, et al. Therapeutic application of quercetin in aging. . . : SIRT1 as a potential mechanism. Frontiers in immunology vol. 13 943321. 22 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.943321

³Deepika and Pawan Kumar Maurya. Health benefits of quercetin . . . . Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 27,8 2498. 13 Apr. 2022, doi:10.3390/molecules27082498

Quercetin, a natural antioxidant with immuno-modulatory properties, supports heart, kidney, immune, gastrointestinal, and skin functions. Although quercetin is available through dietary sources, its poor natural absorption compromises its health-promoting efficacy. A quercetin supplement can help improve health and wellness, but which one is the best option? Here are some factors to consider when searching for the most effective quercetin nutritional supplement. 

The Most Effective Supplementation Methods 

Various delivery routes have been explored to overcome quercetin’s natural absorption challenges. In contrast to natural quercetin found in dietary sources, supplement formulations can utilize an innovative delivery technology to enhance the active nutrient’s absorption, thus achieving greater efficacy of the nutrient’s health-promoting benefits.    

Quercetin Supplement Delivery Methods
Delivery Method	Advantage	Drawback	Type
Oral	Convenient and cost-effective — the most popular supplementation option.	Poor absorption due to extensive metabolism and excretion.	Tablets, capsules, and powders. Typical dosing of oral quercetin supplements are between 500 – 1,000 mg daily.
Topical	Easy-to-use for adverse skin conditions.	Low water-solubility and poor dermal penetration.	Liposomal formulations of lipid-based nanoparticles are delivered through ointments, gels, and sprays.
Intravenous (IV)	Bypasses transit through the stomach, which slows quercetin’s metabolism.	Expensive and requires medical supervision.	Injectable formulations of water-soluble quercetin are delivered through IV injections.

Finding the Best Quercetin Supplement for Oral Intake

The key features of effective quercetin supplements are enhanced absorption and bioavailability of the active quercetin molecules. The following table highlights the features of high-quality quercetin supplements for oral intake:

Choosing the Best Quercetin Supplement
Look for	Why This Helps		How to Tell
Absorbability	The quercetin in the formulation is easily absorbed in a sustained-release format to increase efficacy.		The product label should indicate a form of quercetin that exhibits optimal absorption.
Added nutrients	The formulation should contain synergistic nutrients that facilitate quercetin’s absorption.		The product label should indicate an encapsulated quercetin formulation.
Innovative nutrient delivery	Innovative approaches, such as quercetin being contained in a cyclodextrin complex, optimize the solubility of quercetin and enable its targeted delivery.		The product label may mention specific nutrient delivery system.

Absorption Challenges of Quercetin

The following describes the fate of orally ingested quercetin as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract:

Initially, quercetin is primarily absorbed in the upper segment of the small intestine. Then, after being released into the blood and lymphatic circulation, quercetin metabolites reach the liver and enter the hepatocytes (liver cells). In the liver, they are further metabolized by Phase II conjugating enzymes in various organs, including the liver, small intestine, colon, and kidneys. The kidneys finally excrete the remaining quercetin and its metabolites into the urine. 

The following table summarizes the key factors adversely affecting quercetin’s absorption in the body:

Quercetin’s Absorption Challenges
Poor Aqueous Solubility		Quercetin has a poor water solubility – only 0.01 mg/ml.
Instability in the stomach and intestines		Quercetin is only stable for 4.5 hours in a pH range of 6-8. The stomach’s pH range is between 1.0 to 2.5, and the intestinal pH range is between 6.0 and 7.5.
Poor Permeability		Quercetin’s naturally large chemical structure hinders its ability to pass through cellular membranes.
Rapid degradation		Quercetin will prematurely degrade during its transit through the stomach.
Extensive First-Pass Metabolism in the Liver		Liver cells break down most quercetin metabolites, after which they are excreted into the urine by the kidneys.

Naturally occurring quercetin has very poor oral bioavailability (only around 2%)⁵. The oral intake of 100 mg of quercetin glucoside, the naturally occurring form of quercetin, displays a bioavailability range between 3 and 17 percent in healthy individuals⁶. Less absorption of quercetin means a lesser amount of quercetin circulating in the blood to exert its many health-promoting benefits. 

Although quercetin has poor natural bioavailability, an innovative quercetin nutritional supplement formulation can significantly improve its absorption and efficacy. Encapsulation of quercetin molecules is a proven way to maintain their molecular integrity as they transit through the stomach. The subsequent targeted delivery of the quercetin molecules through nanotechnology delivery further enhances their absorption and bioavailability. 

QuerciSorb® — A Novel Quercetin Supplement

Tesseract Medical Research’s Quercisorb SR® is an innovative quercetin supplement complex for sustained release of the active ingredients. In addition to quercetin, the formulation contains botanical extracts from the flower Sophora japonica, as well as vitamins and minerals.

Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc^® —DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enhances the solubility and absorption of quercetin, thereby enhancing the level being circulated in the blood where it can exert its many health-promoting benefits. Tesseract’s CyLoc® technology encases individual quercetin molecules in a dextrin fiber cage, which maintains their integrity during their transit through the stomach. The accompanying DexKey® reactors release quercetin molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract for targeted delivery and unparalleled absorption. 

Why is QuerciSorb® the Best Quercetin Supplement?
	It contains the proprietary Ionophoric-Quercetin complex developed for sustained release and optimal absorption of quercetin molecules.
	It is a cyclodextrin-complex formulation that achieves targeted delivery and enhanced bioavailability of quercetin.
	The formulation contains added nutrients, vitamin C, vitamin D3, and zinc, to achieve a more rapid physiological response.
	QuerciSorb is manufactured following Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), including the most appropriate and scientifically-advanced analytical techniques, as well as a well-designed quality control system.

Frequently Asked Questions About Oral Quercetin Supplements 

Are there side effects to taking a quercetin supplement?

The safety profile of quercetin is well-established at one gram per day for short term use. Although adverse side effects of quercetin have rarely been reported, limited data are available on long-term quercetin use at levels of 1 gram daily and above for longer than 12 weeks.

Can I take a quercetin supplement with a prescription medicine?

Quercetin might have potential contraindications with certain prescription medications, such as blood thinners. Consult your health-care provider before including a quercetin supplement in your daily routine or taking a quercetin supplement with a prescription medicine. In general, it is always best to speak with your healthcare provider before starting a new supplement. 

CitationsReferences:

¹Leopold JA. Antioxidants . . . . Coronary artery disease vol. 26,2 (2015):176-183. doi:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000187

²Cammisotto V, et al. The role of antioxidants supplementation in clinical practice: Focus on cardiovascular risk factors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021;10(2):146. doi:10.3390/antiox10020146

³Kedhari-Sundaram M, et al. Quercetin modulates signaling pathways . . . . Bioscience Reports vol. 39,8 BSR20190720. 13 Aug. 2019, doi:10.1042/BSR20190720

⁴Li C, et al. Quercetin inhibits LPS-induced adhesion molecule expression and oxidant production in human aortic endothelial cells by p38-mediated Nrf2 activation and antioxidant enzyme induction. Redox Biology vol 9 (2016):104-113. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2016.06.006

⁵Mirza MA, Mahmood S, Hilles AR, et al. Quercetin as a Therapeutic Product: Evaluation of Its Pharmacological Action and Clinical Applications-A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(11):1631. Published 2023 Nov 20. doi:10.3390/ph16111631

⁶Graefe EU, Wittig J, Mueller S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41(5):492-499. doi:10.1177/00912700122010366

Article Summary:

• Although our body naturally detoxifies on its own, certain health conditions, medications, and environmental factors can disrupt the body’s in-built detoxification pathways. 
• Detox supplements contain antioxidants that can address the harmful effects of free radicals on hepatic cells and promote optimal detoxification.* 
• Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables the optimal absorption of active nutrients to enhance the efficacy of detox supplements.   

You have probably heard of the word “detox” buzzing around the wellness space but what does it actually entail? “Detox”, or detoxification, refers to the body’s natural processes for metabolizing and eliminating toxins, primarily carried out by the liver.  A healthy liver efficiently utilizes various detoxification pathways to convert toxins into water-soluble metabolites that are then eliminated from the body through the urine. But if your body can detox on its own, why consider detox supplements and how do they support detoxification?

The body’s antioxidant defense system can be compromised due to age, environment, intake of certain medications, or existing adverse health conditions, resulting in oxidative stress — a critical factor that can cause damage to liver cells and compromise detoxification efficiency. Detox supplements, formulated with ingredients such as milk thistle extracts, glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and turmeric extracts, provide antioxidant support to address the harmful effects of free radicals on hepatic cells.*

In this article, we discuss how detox supplements work, highlight the beneficial role of the nutrients in supplement formulations, and why incorporating  advanced and highly bioavailable detox supplements to your daily regimen can help optimize toxin elimination and promote better health.    

How do Detox Supplements Work?

As mentioned above, detoxification supplements are designed to support the body’s natural ability to metabolize and eliminate toxins, mainly through the liver. The liver processes toxins in two key phases: 

• Phase I, where harmful substances are converted into intermediate compounds, and
• Phase II, where these compounds are further transformed into water-soluble forms for easier elimination. 

Ingredients such as silymarin (from milk thistle) and curcumin help protect liver cells from oxidative stress and enhance liver enzyme activity.* Glutathione, a powerful antioxidant, supports Phase I and II detoxification by neutralizing free radicals and promoting the conjugation of toxins.* Vitamin C contributes to reducing oxidative stress and regenerating other antioxidants. Together, these nutrients provide comprehensive support to maintain the liver’s efficiency. 

Below is an overview of these common key ingredients found in detox supplement formulations and their therapeutic benefits to promote detoxification. 

Common Ingredients in Detox Supplements
Ingredient	Therapeutic Benefits
Silymarin	Milk thistle contains a flavonoid, silymarin, that displays hepatoprotective properties.*  Silybin, the primary active constituent of silymarin, is an antioxidant that mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.*
Curcumin	Curcumin, the primary compound extracted from turmeric roots, enhances1 the activity of glutathione-S-transferase, which plays a critical role in combating free radicals in phase II of detoxification.* Clinical studies2 indicate that curcumin exerts protective effects against mercury intoxication.*
Glutathione	Known as the ‘master antioxidant,’ glutathione detoxifies and eliminates foreign substances and endogenous compounds from the body.*   Glutathione directly scavenges oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, and carbon radicals.* It detoxifies lipid peroxides, hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrites.*  It is a cofactor for several antioxidant enzymes and helps recycle vitamins C and E.*
Vitamin C	Various studies3,4,5 suggest the role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in promoting detoxification and eliminating free radicals to limit oxidative stress.* Vitamin C enhances the activity of glutathione by aiding in its regeneration.6*

Before you consider adding detox supplements to your daily regimen, it is important to remember that eating healthy, exercising regularly, and limiting or avoiding alcohol intake are foundational steps that support the body’s detoxification processes. Also, it is recommended to consult with your healthcare provider before adding detox supplements in your diet or taking them along with any prescription medications to ensure they are safe and appropriate for your individual health needs.  

Although the therapeutic benefits of these nutrients and their safety profile are well-established, their poor bioavailability and absorption can hinder the efficacy of most detox supplement formulations. A smart nutrient delivery system that enables targeted delivery of active nutrients will enhance their solubility and absorption, making them a therapeutic reality.  

Including Advanced Detox Supplement Formulations in Your Diet

The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology developed by Tesseract Medical Research can achieve unprecedented absorption of active nutrients in detox supplements. The CyLoc® technology encases active ingredient molecules in its dextrin fiber delivery cage. The accompanying DexKey® reactors release the active ingredient molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract for maximum solubility and absorption. 

The following detox supplements were developed by Tesseract Medical Research:

• HepatiSafe®: It contains a proprietary blend of silymarin, R-lipoic acid, glutathione, and tetrahydrocurcumin (the bioactive metabolite of curcumin) to support liver detox.* The clinically-studied nutrients delivered through a smart nutrient delivery system are optimally absorbed to promote all phases of liver detoxification, support optimal hepatic function, and maintain healthy inflammatory responses.*   

• SafeCell®: The acetylated form of oral glutathione is the Tesseract detoxification solution to promote your overall health and wellness.* The supplement formulation promotes the optimal functioning of other antioxidants, downregulates oxidative stress, and supports natural detoxification pathways.*  

Tesseract’s unique supplement formulations are developed following Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and contain the highest-quality nutrients delivered through cutting-edge delivery systems to ensure you receive the finest quality products.  

Citations:

¹Piper JT, et al. Mechanisms of . . . properties of curcumin: the effect of curcumin on glutathione linked detoxification enzymes in rat liver. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology vol. 30,4 (1998): 445-456. doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(98)00015-6

²Agarwal R, et al. Detoxification and antioxidant effects of curcumin in rats experimentally exposed to mercury. Journal of applied toxicology: JAT vol. 30,5 (2010): 457-468. doi:10.1002/jat.1517

³Miranda CL, et al. Ascorbic acid promotes detoxification and elimination of 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Chemical research in toxicology vol. 22,5 (2009): 863-874. doi:10.1021/tx900042u

⁴Zhitkovich A. Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Functions of Vitamin C. Chem Res Toxicol. 2020;33(10):2515-2526. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00348

⁵Carr A, et al. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions?. FASEB J. 1999;13(9):1007-1024. doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.9.1007

⁶Montecinos V, et al. Vitamin C is an. . . stressed human vascular endothelial cells in the presence of a vast molar excess of glutathione. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(21):15506-15515. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608361200

Article Summary:

• Heart health supplements contain various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols, that exert antioxidant effects and help maintain healthy inflammatory responses in cardiac cells.*
• Certain supplement ingredients display poor bioavailability and absorption, compromising the efficacy of the heart health supplements that contain them.
• Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables targeted delivery of active nutrients, resulting in their optimal absorption for supporting heart health.*

Maintaining a healthy heart relies on consistent lifestyle practices, including a balanced diet and regular physical activity. While dietary approaches ensure that nutritional requirements are being met through foods, heart health supplements can support cardiovascular wellness by addressing potential nutritional gaps. Although several studies indicate the promising potential of specific ingredients contained in heart health supplement formulations, evidence has been largely inconclusive. 

Therefore,  consulting with a healthcare provider before adding heart health supplements to your regimen is always recommended. In this post, we discuss the therapeutic effects of various ingredients used in heart health supplements and how they can promote optimal cardiovascular health.*

Common Ingredients of Heart Health Supplements: How Do They Work? 

Nutritional supplements that contain bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, have been advocated to promote cardiovascular health.* The following table highlights the common ingredients in commercially available heart health supplements and how they help maintain optimal heart function.  

Heart Health Supplements: Ingredients and How They Work
Anandamide	Endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are synthesized from membrane phospholipids in cardiac tissues. The endocannabinoids exert their cardioprotective effects1 by — Acting as a stress response system when certain cardiac events occur.*  Limiting the progression of fat buildup in the walls of arteries.*  Relaxing coronary and other arteries to decrease cardiac exertion.*
Coenzyme Q10	As an endogenous antioxidant with the highest concentration in the heart, CoQ10 promotes heart health by — Lowering oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction — primary factors in a wide range of adverse cardiac conditions.*  Helping maintain healthy levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, enhancing endothelial function, and limiting vascular stiffness.
Quercetin	Quercetin, a flavonoid, exerts antioxidant effects and helps maintain the body’s natural inflammatory response.* Quercetin supports heart functions through — Inhibiting LDL oxidation and the expression of adhesion molecules in aortic endothelial cells to help maintain healthy arteries.*   Up-regulating the cell signaling pathways that inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).*  Helping to maintain normal blood pressure levels.*
Citrulline	The amino acid L-citrulline, found in high concentrations in watermelon, exerts cardioprotective effects through — Enhancing L-arginine and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, thus enhancing vasodilation.*  Helping to maintain healthy blood pressure through endogenous synthesis of L-arginine and NO.*
R-Lipoic Acid	A natural antioxidant synthesized in the mitochondria of the liver and other tissues, it plays a critical role in metabolism. Lipoic acid promotes heart health through — Regulating cellular oxidation and limiting the harmful effects of oxidative stress on cardiac cells.* Directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regenerating other antioxidants, including glutathione and vitamins E and C.*

Although the therapeutic benefits of heart health supplement ingredients are well-researched, the poor solubility and absorption of active nutrients can adversely impact the efficacy of most supplement formulations. An advanced nutrient delivery system can enhance the bioavailability and absorption of active nutrients, making them a therapeutic reality.  

Including Heart Health Supplements in Your Diet

The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology developed by Tesseract Medical Research optimizes the bioavailability and absorption of active nutrients to realize their therapeutic role in promoting heart health.* The following are heart health supplements developed by Tesseract Medical Research to help maintain healthy heart function.*    

• AnaQuell®: The unique formulation contains anandamide and L-citrulline for supporting a healthy response to stress and anxiety (non-GAD).* The improved bioavailability of L-citrulline enhances NO production and promotes heart health.* 

• CoQ10 Pro®: The enhanced solubility, absorption, and targeted delivery of CoQ10 molecules make CoQ10 Pro® stand out among commercially available CoQ10 supplements. In addition to promoting heart health, CoQ10 Pro also helps counter the muscle pains that are a common side effect of taking a statin medication to lower blood cholesterol levels.* 

• NOX Flo SR®: This supplement contains a proprietary blend of Hesperidin 2S rutinosides, Diosmin citrus flavonoids, CoEnzyme Q10, Citrulline, and R-Lipoic Acid to enhance nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, NO-dependent endothelial function, and vasodilation.* 

• QuerciSorb®: This quercetin supplement contains a proprietary complex that downregulates exaggerated immune responses, promotes healthy blood pressure, inhibits LDL cholesterol oxidation, and supports optimal cardiovascular function.*

Tesseract’s powerful heart health supplements offer a more palatable and effective way of supporting your cardiovascular health.*

Citations:

¹Hiley CR. Endocannabinoids and the heart. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology vol. 53,4 (2009): 267-276. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e318192671d

Article Summary:

• Coenzyme Q10 supplements promote several health functions, including heart, skin, reproductive, immune, musculoskeletal, neurological, and oral health.* 
• The poor bioavailability and absorption of CoQ10 hinders the efficacy of most Coenzyme Q10 supplements.
• Tesseract’s revolutionary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables optimal solubility and absorption of CoQ10. 

Coenzyme Q10, or CoQ10, is a lipid antioxidant endogenously produced by all tissues and organs in the body. CoQ10 plays a critical role in cellular energy production, particularly within the mitochondria, where it facilitates the electron transport chain. Due to its involvement in energy metabolism, CoQ10 concentrations are significantly higher in organs with high metabolic activity, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, adrenal glands, spleen, and pancreas. Besides cellular energy production, CoQ10 serves as a potent antioxidant, thus promoting various health functions by helping to neutralize free radicals. 

Although the body produces CoQ10, several factors can deplete your CoQ10 level, including age, the use of certain medications, and certain underlying health conditions. A CoQ10 deficiency may manifest in various symptoms, including muscle weakness and cramping, exercise intolerance, fatigue, poor eyesight, hearing loss, cognitive impairment, and poor oral health. While incorporating CoQ10-rich foods in your diet can help, adding an  advanced coenzyme Q10 supplement may be more significant in increasing endogenous levels and  addressing symptoms associated with a CoQ10 deficiency.* 

Benefits of A Coenzyme Q10 Supplement in Your Diet

As covered above, CoQ10 functions as a free radical scavenger found in the mitochondria of every cell in the body. Supplemental CoQ10 supports cardiovascular health by acting as an antioxidant against lipid peroxidation and promoting heart and artery function. It also enhances exercise tolerance, supports healthy blood sugar levels, and improves oocyte and sperm function for fertility support.

The following table further details the various benefits of a coenzyme Q10 supplement in your diet and how it promotes overall health and wellness.*  

Why Should You Consider A Coenzyme Q10 Supplement for Your Health?
Health Benefit	How It Works
Heart health	As an antioxidant, CoQ10 suppresses oxidative stress* — the underlying factor causing heart conditions.  Coenzyme Q10 supplements help maintain optimal total cholesterol levels and help mitigate the side effects of statin intake, such as muscle aches and weakness.*
Skin health	CoQ10 mitigates oxidative damage to the skin and enhances the mitochondrial function of aging skin cells.* Studies1 show that CoQ10 increases the mRNA expression of type I, IV, and VII collagen, thereby stimulating collagen production.*
Reproductive health	The age-related decline in both male and female fertility is primarily attributed to oxidative stress. CoQ10 supplements help limit oxidative stress, thus promoting reproductive health.* CoQ10 supplementation enhances follicular fluid oxidative metabolism and restores oocyte mitochondrial functions during reproductive aging and also improves sperm motility in males.*
Immune health	CoQ10 supports cellular antioxidant activities and helps maintain normal inflammatory responses by downregulating several cell signaling pathways.* CoQ10 provides cellular energy to enhance the mitochondrial functions of leukocytes (white blood cells).*
Muscle support	CoQ10 supplementation enhances2 the total CoQ10 concentration in the slow-twitch muscles and helps limit exhaustive exercise-induced muscular injury.*
Neurological health	The impairment of mitochondrial function and oxidative damage can result in various adverse neurological conditions. As an antioxidant involved in the energy-regulating activity of the mitochondria, CoQ10 protects the neurological system from loss of normal function.*
Cognitive health	The neuroprotective effects of CoQ10 translate to enhancing cognitive function and possibly delaying the progression of cognitive decline.*
Oral health	CoQ10 supplementation promotes periodontal health and alleviates swollen gums.*

Coenzyme Q10 supplements are commercially available as soft gel capsules, hard shell capsules, oral sprays, and tablets. Most CoQ10 supplements are available in either the ubiquinone (fully oxidized) or the ubiquinol (fully reduced) form. Although there is much debate about the most effective form of CoQ10 supplement, several studies³ indicate there is no significant difference between the bioavailability of ubiquinone and ubiquinol supplements. 

CoQ10 has a relatively high molecular weight and displays limited solubility in lipids and insolubility in water. As a result, the therapeutic benefits of most coenzyme Q10 supplements are compromised due to their poor bioavailability and absorption. An advanced nutrient delivery system can optimize the solubility and absorption of coenzyme Q10 supplements.  

An Advanced CoQ10 Supplement Formulation to Promote Your Cardiovascular Health*

CoQ10 Pro® is an innovative coenzyme Q10 supplement developed by Tesseract Medical Research to promote heart health.* The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology ensures the optimal solubility and absorption of CoQ10 at the desired point in the intestinal tract. The unprecedented absorption of CoQ10 means lower doses of the active ingredient to achieve the desired physiological effects.* With CoQ10 Pro®, you can be assured of realizing the therapeutic benefits of this potent antioxidant for your heart and overall wellness.*   

Citations:

¹Mine Y, et al. Stimulatory effects of collagen production induced by coenzyme Q10 in cultured skin fibroblasts. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition vol. 71,1 (2022): 29-33. doi:10.3164/jcbn.20-187

²Kon M, et al. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise-induced muscular injury of rats. Exercise immunology review vol. 13 (2007):76-88.

³Mantle D, Dybring A. Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10: An overview of the absorption process and subsequent metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 9,5 386. 5 May. 2020, doi:10.3390/antiox9050386

Article Summary:

• Various plant-derived ingredients are known for their hepatoprotective effects and are widely used in liver detox supplement formulations.* 
• Not all detox supplement formulations exert the same effects because of the poor bioavailability and absorption of their active nutrients, which adversely impacts efficacy. 
• Tesseract’s innovative nutrient delivery technology enables targeted delivery of active nutrients for optimal absorption.*

The liver is the body’s primary detoxification site for eliminating toxic substances from the system, metabolizing nutrients and medications, and filtering and detoxifying the blood. However, this vital organ needs detoxification, too. Various plants, such as artichoke extract, turmeric, dandelion root, cinnamon, chicory, burdock, licorice, and milk thistle, are known to exert hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, antioxidants, such as glutathione, are produced by the body and work synergistically with a wide variety of enzymes to regulate the liver’s complex detoxification pathways. 

Liver detox supplements are often a complementary and alternative approach to support liver health.* Most liver detox supplements contain a blend of botanical ingredients and antioxidant compounds that promote optimal hepatic functions.* But do liver detox supplements work?

Below, we discuss how liver detox supplements work and what you should look for when considering including liver detox supplements in your diet.  

How do Liver Detox Supplements Work?

Studies^1,2,3 show that a quality diet and specific supplements can support liver health.* It is worth noting that while detox supplements cannot reverse liver damage, the liver does have an amazing ability to regenerate and heal on its own after the injury caused by pathological conditions has been addressed. However, it is always recommended to consult with your healthcare practitioner before including a liver detox supplement in your diet.  

Let’s look at some of the commonly used ingredients in liver detox supplement formulations and how they promote liver detoxification. 

Mechanism of Action of Liver Detox Supplements
Milk thistle:  Silymarin is an active ingredient derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), a plant in the daisy family known for the prominent white, milky veins in its leaves.  Silymarin acts as an antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals and hypohalide derivatives.*  Silymarin increases the levels of glutathione (GSH) in the liver, stomach, and intestine.*  Cytokines are critical components of cell signaling and help maintain healthy inflammatory responses. Some studies4,5 indicate that silymarin up-regulates cytokine metabolism, suppressing TNF-α-induced NFκB activation to inhibit TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity.*
Turmeric: Curcumin, the key compound derived from turmeric root, exerts remarkable therapeutic benefits on oxidative stress-induced liver pathologies through various cellular and molecular mechanisms, including: Suppressing the pro-inflammatory cytokines* Limiting lipid peroxidation* Activating hepatic stellate cells* Ameliorating cellular response to oxidative stress through cell signaling pathways*
Lipoic acid: R- alpha-lipoic acid is synthesized in the body and is available in food sources, such as carrots, beans, spinach, broccoli, and red meat. It is a naturally occurring antioxidant that mitigates oxidative stress through: Decreasing lipid accumulation in skeletal muscles by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway*  Limiting hepatic steatosis — an elevated buildup of fat in the liver by regulating several factors, including AMPK, liver X receptors, insulin, and specificity protein 1*
Glutathione: The master antioxidant in the body is found in high concentrations in the liver. Glutathione promotes liver health through:  Working with a wide variety of enzymes that regulate liver detoxification pathways* Facilitating direct neutralization of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and other oxidative chemicals and excretion of heavy metals and drug metabolites* Scavenging free radicals and reacting with them in Phase I liver metabolism*

The therapeutic effects of liver detox supplement ingredients are well-established. However, the poor bioavailability and absorption of these active nutrients can adversely affect the efficacy of most supplement formulations. When considering liver detox supplements to include in your diet, you should always look for formulations that utilize advanced nutrient delivery systems for optimal solubility of active nutrient molecules.    

Liver Detox Supplements Developed by Tesseract Medical Research

The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology developed by Tesseract Medical Research ensures unprecedented absorption of active nutrients, especially those that are difficult to absorb in oral form, such as glutathione. Tesseract’s CyLoc® technology masks individual nutrient molecules in a dextrin fiber delivery cage to maintain their integrity during their transit through the stomach. Tesseract’s accompanying DexKey® reactors release the active ingredient molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract for targeted delivery and maximum absorption. 

The following are two liver detox supplements developed by Tesseract Medical Research.

• HepatiSafe®: The formulation contains a proprietary blend of four clinically tested nutrients–silymarin, alpha-lipoic acid, glutathione, and tetrahydrocurcumin–that support all phases of liver detoxification. 

• SafeCell®: The formulation contains an acetylated, more stable form of oral glutathione that supports liver detoxification pathways, down-regulates oxidative stress, and supports optimal cellular and neurological functions.*

With Tesseract’s liver detox supplement formulations containing proven botanical extracts that are delivered through revolutionary nutrient delivery nanotechnology, liver detoxification achieves a whole new level of efficacy.*

Citations:

¹Hanje AJ, et al. The use of selected nutrition supplements and complementary and alternative medicine in liver disease. Nutrition in clinical practice: official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition vol. 21,3 (2006): 255-272. doi:10.1177/0115426506021003255

²Gao V, Long MT, Singh SR, et al. A Healthy Diet is Associated with a Lower Risk of Hepatic Fibrosis. J Nutr. 2023;153(5):1587-1596. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.038

³Liu X, Yang W, Petrick JL, et al. Higher intake of whole grains and dietary fiber are associated with lower risk of liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):6388. Published 2021 Nov 4. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26448-9

⁴Wu W-T, et al. Silymarin modulates catabolic cytokine expression through Sirt1 and SOX9 in human articular chondrocytes. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research vol. 16,1 147. 20 Feb. 2021, doi:10.1186/s13018-021-02305-9

⁵Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Shuhart MC, Wang CC, Liu Y, Lee DY. Inhibition of T-cell inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte NF-kappaB signaling, and HCV infection by standardized Silymarin. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(5):1925-1936. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.038

Article Summary:

• Antioxidant supplements can help fill nutritional gaps in a balanced, antioxidant-rich diet.  
• The efficacy of most antioxidant supplements is adversely affected due to the poor solubility and absorption of the active nutrients.
• Tesseract’s revolutionary nutrient delivery technology optimizes the bioavailability of the antioxidant molecules, making them a therapeutic reality.

What Are Antioxidants?

The natural and ongoing oxidation processes in the body result in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS), better known as “free radicals”. Although ROS in limited amounts is critical for cell homeostasis and redox signaling¹, the uncontrolled production and circulation of free radicals in the blood can induce oxidative modifications of key biomolecules, resulting in cellular damage and the onset of various undesirable health conditions. 

Chemically, an antioxidant is defined as a molecule that is stable enough to donate an electron to a free radical, thereby neutralizing the free radical and minimizing its capacity to damage cellular components. Antioxidants come into play by delaying or inhibiting cellular damage through their free-radical scavenging and neutralizing properties.* Antioxidants typically can safely interact with free radicals and terminate the triggered oxidative chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged.*

How Do Antioxidants Support Your Health? 

Antioxidants support health by neutralizing free radicals through diverse mechanisms, such as scavenging free radicals, donating electrons or hydrogen, and decomposing peroxides. They act as enzyme inhibitors, metal-chelating agents, and regulate gene expression, thereby protecting cells and promoting overall well-being. These combined actions make antioxidants vital for supporting joint, heart, and skin health. 

The following table summarizes the two principal mechanisms of action of antioxidants.

Mechanism of Action of Antioxidants
Chain-breaking mechanism: The primary antioxidant donates an electron to a circulating free radical. This eliminates the free radical’s intermediate components and breaks or shortens the length of the oxidation chain.
Removing ROS/ RNS initiators: Secondary antioxidants, or hydroperoxide decomposers, convert hydroperoxides into non-radical, thermally stable products that quench the chain-initiating catalyst and limit free radical production.

Antioxidants work at different levels, such as preventive, radical scavenging, repair, and adaptation, all of which strengthen the body’s defenses.

• Preventive antioxidants: As a first line of defense, preventive antioxidants suppress the formation of free radicals. These antioxidants convert hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide to alcohols and water without generating free radicals. 

• Radical scavengers: These antioxidants scavenge the active radicals, suppressing oxidative chain initiation and breaking the chain propagation reactions. 

• Repair and de novo antioxidants: The enzymatic antioxidants present in the cytosol and in the mitochondria of cells identify, degrade, and eliminate oxidatively modified proteins to limit the accumulation of oxidized proteins. 

• Adaptation: It is a critical function of the antioxidant defense system where cell signaling for free radical production and reaction induces the formation of the appropriate antioxidant at the required site.  

Essential Antioxidants Your Body Needs  

The antioxidant defense system includes endogenous (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) antioxidants, as well as exogenous antioxidants to counteract the pro-oxidant actions of ROS. As the names suggest, the body produces endogenous antioxidants; whereas, the diet is the primary source of exogenous antioxidants.   

Both endogenous and exogenous antioxidants² act synergistically to maintain or establish redox homeostasis. The following table highlights the critical antioxidants needed by the body. 

Types of Antioxidants
Endogenous antioxidants	Enzymatic antioxidants: Superoxide dismutases (SODs), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, glutathione-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Non-enzymatic antioxidants: Glutathione (GSH), uric acid, lipoic acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), coenzyme Q, albumin, bilirubin.
Exogenous antioxidants	Vitamins (vitamin C and E), trace elements (zinc and selenium), carotenoids, flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol), flavanols, isoflavones, anthocyanidins, phenolic acids, flavanones, and flavones among others.

Since the human body cannot synthesize exogenous antioxidants, the intake of whole foods rich in naturally occurring antioxidants, including nutrients and phytochemicals, is widely recommended.   

Why You Should Include an Antioxidant Supplement in Your Diet     

In addition to a balanced and healthy diet, an antioxidant supplement can fill any nutritional gaps. It is advised to consult with your healthcare practitioner before including an antioxidant supplement in your diet. 

Although the therapeutic benefits of antioxidants are well established, their poor bioavailability and absorption can hinder their efficacy. When considering an antioxidant supplement, you should look for advanced formulations that have a nanotechnology nutrient delivery system that optimizes the bioavailability and absorption of the active antioxidant ingredients.   

The antioxidant supplements developed by Tesseract Medical Research contain potent botanical extracts known for their health benefits. The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery system enhances the integrity of the active antioxidant nutrients as they transit through the stomach. The CyLoc® technology encases individual antioxidant molecules in its smart delivery system, and the accompanying DexKey® reactors ensure the targeted delivery of the molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract for optimal absorption. The unprecedented absorption of an antioxidant supplement means lower amounts of active nutrients are needed for a rapid physiological response.

Citations:

¹Lobo V, et al. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy reviews vol. 4,8 (2010):118-126. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70902

²Bouayed J, Bohn T. Exogenous antioxidants–Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity vol. 3,4 (2010):228-237. doi:10.4161/oxim.3.4.12858

Article Summary:

• Botanical extracts, such as turmeric, Boswellia, and pine bark extracts, are commonly used in joint support supplement formulations.
• The poor bioavailability and absorption of these ingredients hinder the efficacy of most commercially available joint support supplements.
• Tesseract’s revolutionary nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables unprecedented absorption of active nutrients to realize their potential as therapeutic agents for supporting bone health.* 

Joint stiffness, tenderness, and discomfort in areas such as the hips, knees, hands, and feet can significantly limit daily activities and negatively impact quality of life.. Studies^1,2 show that oxidative stress plays a key role in the wear-and-tear of cartilage and bones, contributing to discomfort and mobility issues. Proper nutrition and regular, moderate exercise are essential for mitigating free radical damage to bone cells, helping to protect and support joint health. Additionally, targeted dietary supplements may help address nutritional gaps and promote better joint health.*

Joint support supplements are oral supplement formulations that help alleviate periodic musculoskeletal and joint flare-ups resulting from oxidative stress.* These formulations generally contain botanical extracts, such as turmeric, Boswellia, and pine bark, or compounds such as glucosamine and chondroitin to support bone health.*      

Below, we discuss the relationship between oxidative stress and joint health, how joint support supplements address oxidative stress, and why you should consider including an advanced joint support supplement formulation in your diet.  

How Does Oxidative Stress Affect Joint Health?

Oxidative stress arises from the imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and the antioxidants that constitute the body’s defense system. Although ROS are naturally produced in all cells and are involved in cell cycling and gene regulation, increased ROS production can damage cellular structures and disrupt cellular homeostasis.

ROS production and oxidative stress are commonly observed in individuals with joint conditions, underscoring the adverse effects of free radicals on bone and joint health. For example, oxidative stress significantly contributes to the cell death (apoptosis) of chondrocytes — the cells responsible for cartilage formation. Key ways in which oxidative stress affects bone and joint health include:  

• Mitochondrial dysfunction 
• Increased cartilage degradation
• Increased swelling of the synovial membrane, a specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of most joints 
• Increased subchondral bone dysfunction
• Decreased synthesis of bone matrix — the intracellular substance of bone tissue that contributes to bone mass 
• Aging and apoptosis of chondrocytes 

Additional intake of antioxidants through diet or joint support supplements can help maintain joint homeostasis.* Antioxidant molecules scavenge free radicals, limit their adverse effects on bone cells, and help maintain natural inflammatory responses to limit joint aches and soreness.  

How Do Joint Support Supplements Address Oxidative Stress?

Let’s look at how several plant-derived compounds act as antioxidants and down-regulate overactive inflammatory responses by the immune system to limit the adverse effects of oxidative stress on bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.*

The following table highlights several common botanical extracts in commercially available joint support supplements. 

Ingredients in Joint Support Supplements: How Do They Work?
Turmeric extracts: Curcumin, the key compound extracted from turmeric root, is a potent immunomodulatory agent that helps maintain the body’s normal inflammatory response to address joint and muscle soreness.*
Boswellia extracts: The gum-resin extracts of the Boswellia serrata tree contain 30-60% resin and 5-10% essential oils. The resinous part contains different types of terpenes and triterpenic acid, including acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid, a potent inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase — an enzyme that can upregulate inflammatory responses.
Pine bark extracts: Clinical studies3,4,5 suggest that procyanidins extracted from Maritime pine trees contain water-soluble antioxidants that help limit bone mineral density loss.*

 

While the therapeutic effects of these ingredients are well-established for bone health, the poor bioavailability and absorption of the compounds impact the efficacy of joint support supplement formulations. This highlights the importance of an advanced nutrient delivery system that optimizes the solubility and absorption of active nutrients.  

Including a Joint Support Supplement In Your Diet

TetraCumin® is an innovative tetrahydrocurcumin formulation developed by Tesseract Medical Research for joint support.* The joint support supplement contains tetrahydrocurcumin — the bioactive curcumin metabolite that is more stable and bioavailable than curcumin. The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology further enhances the palatability and bioavailability of the active nutrient, delivering the nutrient molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract, resulting in optimal absorption. The unprecedented absorption helps realize the therapeutic potential of tetrahydrocurcumin, yielding desired and rapid beneficial responses to promote joint health.*     

Citations:

¹Zahan O-M, et al. The evaluation of oxidative stress in osteoarthritis. Medicine and pharmacy reports vol. 93,1 (2020):12-22. doi:10.15386/mpr-1422

²Bolduc JA et al. Reactive oxygen species, aging and articular cartilage homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;132:73-82. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.038

²³Huang G, et al. Pycnogenol(®) treatment inhibits bone mineral density loss and trabecular deterioration in ovariectomized rats. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine vol. 8,7 10893-901. 15 Jul. 2015

⁴Panahande SB, Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, et al. Effects of French maritime pine bark extract (Oligopin®) supplementation on bone remodeling markers in postmenopausal osteopenic women: A randomized clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2019;33(4):1233-1240. doi:10.1002/ptr.6320

⁵Wang A, Leong DJ, He Z, et al. Procyanidins Mitigate Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis by, at Least in Part, Suppressing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(12):2065. Published 2016 Dec 9. doi:10.3390/ijms17122065