Article Summary:

• Gut health supplements can be broadly categorized into probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics.
• Gut health supplement formulations are a suitable alternative to a high fiber-rich diet, mainly when certain health conditions restrict such intake. 
• Tesseract’s revolutionary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery technology enables optimal absorption of active nutrients in gut health supplement formulations. 

The diversity of gut microbiota — the microorganisms that colonize our digestive tract – largely determines our gastrointestinal health. The gut microbiome has been closely associated with influencing the immune health and the nervous system and playing a critical role in metabolic function. While a balanced diet maintains the gut microbiota in optimal condition, gut health supplements can help fill any nutritional gaps. 

So, how do gut health supplements work, and are they worth including in your diet? Let’s look at the working mechanism of different gut health supplements and some innovative gut health supplement formulations developed by Tesseract Medical Research to promote your gastrointestinal health.*        

How Do Gut Health Supplements Work?

Gut health supplements can be broadly categorized into probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. The following table highlights the supplements’ functions and working mechanisms and how they promote gastrointestinal health.

Gut Health Supplements: Working Mechanism
Probiotics: These are the good bacteria (such as lactobacillus and bifidobacterium) and yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii) that live in the gut. Food such as yogurt and fermented foods like kombucha and kimchi are rich sources of probiotics1.  Working mechanism: Probiotic supplements add to the existing supply of beneficial microbes and crowd out the harmful ones.  Probiotic supplements help regulate immune responses through bacteria’s direct interaction with intestinal epithelial cells.
Prebiotics: These are food sources,1 such as fibers and complex carbohydrates that probiotics feed on, but the body cannot digest. A fiber-rich diet containing whole grains, beans, fruits, vegetables, and nuts provides nutrients to the gut microbiome.  Working mechanism: The beneficial intestinal microbes ferment the non-digestible carbohydrates, releasing byproducts, including short-chain fatty acids, that provide critical energy for the growth of probiotic microbes.
Postbiotics: The bioactive compounds released by healthy bacteria while feeding on prebiotic food are called postbiotics. Postbiotics2 include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyric acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid, peptides, enzymes, and others.  Working mechanism: Butyrate or butyric acid stimulates the production of regulatory T cells in the intestine to enhance intestinal barrier function and mucosal immunity.* Butyrate plays a potential role in regulating the gut-brain axis and promoting neurological health.*

It is well-known that a diet rich in fiber and fermented milk products supports gastrointestinal function. However, certain health conditions can restrict the required intake of fiber or fermented products. Gut health supplements are a suitable alternative to maintain the diversity of the gut microbiome.   

It is worth noting, however, that commercially available gut health supplements work when they are formulated for optimal solubility and absorption.    

Tesseract’s Supplement Formulations For Optimal Gut Health  

The revolutionary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery technology developed by Tesseract Medical Research enables enhanced bioavailability of plant-derived compounds conventionally known for poor absorption. The proprietary CyLoc® technology isolates each active nutrient molecule in a dextrin fiber matrix, creating nano-sized particles that are easily absorbed. The accompanying DexKey® technology releases active ingredient molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract. 

The following table highlights Tesseract’s three gut health supplements containing the smart delivery system that enhances the active ingredients’ palatability, bioavailability, and absorption.

Supplement	Therapeutic Benefits
AuRx®	A gold-standard medical food developed to support the gut-brain axis in autistic children. The hypoallergenic formulation contains a stabilized butyric acid complex to address GI disturbances associated with behavioral problems in autistic children.
BiomeAide SR®	A blend of plant isolate extracts, terpenes, and oils from ginger, cinnamon, citronella, orange, lavender, bitter orange, clove, oregano, thyme oil, and marjoram oil. This proprietary complex establishes a well-balanced microbiome and promotes healthy GI function.*
ProButyrate®	A natural butyric acid proprietary complex that stabilizes the gut microbiome, ensuring palatability and maximum absorption to exert positive health benefits.*

With the nanomolecular nutrient delivery technology, Tesseract’s gut health supplements enable individual nutrient molecules to become a bioavailable therapeutic reality. 

Citations:

¹Davani-Davari D, et al. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 8,3 92. 9 Mar. 2019, doi:10.3390/foods8030092

²Vinderola G, et al. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,8 1077. 8 Apr. 2022, doi:10.3390/foods11081077

Even if you are a healthy male aged 50 years and above, the chance of developing prostate enlargement, or Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH), are 50 percent. BPH is a common condition that affects men as they age and is characterized by frequent urination at night, straining during urination, weak or slow urine flow, urinary retention, dribbling, and poor sleep quality. While prostate health naturally declines with age, adopting  a healthy diet, an active lifestyle, and incorporating targeted nutritional supplements can help mitigate this process.    

Several nutritional supplements, including zinc, beta-sitosterol, vitamin D, pygeum root extract, and pumpkin seed, have been shown to support prostate health. Saw palmetto, in particular, is one of the most widely used nutritional supplements for addressing an enlarged prostate. This article explains saw palmetto extract benefits, how it supports prostate functions, and how it alleviates prostate enlargement to provide relief from urinary discomfort. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page.     

What is Saw Palmetto?

Saw palmetto, or Serenoa repens, is a small, shrublike palm native to the southeastern United States. It is also called the American dwarf palm or cabbage palm. Traditionally, Native Americans used the plant’s ripe berries as a staple food, as well as a medicine for various ailments. 

Currently, saw palmetto is widely used as a nutritional supplement in men’s health to address urinary symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate or BPH. Additionally, saw palmetto is used for hair loss, pelvic pain, and other hormonal imbalances in both men’s and women’s health. .   

Active Compounds in Saw Palmetto

How does saw palmetto address BPH? The benefits of saw palmetto extract are derived from  the active compounds present in the plant’s ripe berries. These berries are  rich in carbohydrates, lipid components (major fatty acids, including laurate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, and linoleate), and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol). 

Commercially available saw palmetto supplements are usually extracted using solvents, such as ethyl alcohol, hexane, and supercritical carbon dioxide. The plant’s active constituents present in saw palmetto fruit extracts are categorized as follows: 

• Hexane extractable: It includes phenolic components, free fatty acids, phytosterols, ethyl esters of fatty acids, and other lipid components. The hexane extract of saw palmetto fruit is most commonly used in clinical trials and has a very high content of medium-chain fatty acids and a high proportion of fatty acids present as ethyl esters. 

• Ethanol extractable: It includes flavonoid components, polyprenol , fatty alcohols, and phenolic glycosides. 

• Water soluble: These include commonly found sugars and high-molecular-weight acidic polysaccharides. 

Saw Palmetto Extract Benefits 

Extensive research has been conducted on saw palmetto’s role in promoting prostate health.* Its role in hormonal regulation is closely associated with benefiting men’s health–enhancing sperm production, relieving urinary discomfort, and limiting hair loss.* The following table highlights the benefits of saw palmetto extract and how they support healthy aging.*  

Saw Palmetto Extract Benefits
Promoting prostate health: Studies1,2 indicate that the fatty acids in saw palmetto extracts inhibit the action of 5 alpha-reductase — the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT).* Although DHT production stimulates normal prostate activity, it can also potentially cause prostate growth and enlargement.   Some research2,3 suggests that saw palmetto phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol) also inhibit 5 alpha-reductase, providing further benefit for addressing BPH symptoms.*
Limiting hair loss: High levels of DHT can shrink hair follicles and shorten the hair growth cycle. Several human studies4,5,6,  demonstrate modest hair regrowth using both oral supplementation and topical application of saw palmetto in male pattern baldness.*
Regulating testosterone levels: Saw palmetto extracts inhibit testosterone conversion to DHT and also inhibit DHT binding to androgen receptors.* By blocking the action of 5-alpha reductase, saw palmetto helps maintain a healthy testosterone level.*
Addressing BPH-associated pelvic discomfort: One preliminary animal study found that saw palmetto may help maintain a normal inflammatory response in the prostate, which can help ameliorate BPH-associated pelvic discomfort7.*

It is also worth noting that saw palmetto extract does not appear to cause inaccurate readings of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) — a protein produced by the prostate gland. PSA levels are used to screen for malignancy in prostate cells. This is a significant consideration, as some treatments for prostate health may affect PSA readings, potentially complicating cancer screenings. This feature makes it a safe option for supporting prostate health.   

Types of Saw Palmetto Supplements

Traditionally, saw palmetto as a nutritional supplement has been used in the form of whole fruit, teas, aqueous extracts, and tinctures. Lipid/sterol extracts of the saw palmetto fruits are now more widely available. The phytosterol and fatty acids content of saw palmetto supplements vary depending on the supplement type and formulation. The following are the different types of commercially available saw palmetto supplements: 

• Dried whole fruit: The dried saw palmetto berries are eaten whole or are used to make herbal tea or water extract. Dried berry supplements contain 11-13% fatty acids. 

• Lipid/sterol extracts: The lipid/sterol extract of saw palmetto (LESP) is prepared by extraction with hexane, ethanol, or supercritical fluid extraction with liquid carbon dioxide. LESPs are commonly available as tablets or capsules of a dried powder of the extract and are often combined with other powdered botanical extracts for blended preparations. LESPs are standardized by total fatty acid content varying between 70-95 percent.   

• Liquid tinctures: Liquid tinctures are made with saw palmetto extracts and aqueous ethanol as the solvent and contain a negligible amount of fatty acids.  

Safety of Saw Palmetto Supplements

Saw palmetto supplements are well-tolerated by most users, and no serious adverse side effects have been reported. It may cause mild and short-term side effects such as headache, stomach upset, nausea, and fatigue. Limited data on the safety and side effects of saw palmetto in women or children exists, although it can be contraindicated for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There is not enough research on saw palmetto benefits for conditions other than BPH and for relief of urinary symptoms, and results have been inconclusive at establishing standardized care protocols.   

It is important to note that tannic acid, one of the phenolic compounds in saw palmetto, is thought to inhibit iron absorption by complex formation with iron in the gastrointestinal lumen. For the above reasons, it is always recommended to consult with your healthcare provider before including a saw palmetto supplement in your diet.     

Why You Need An Advanced Saw Palmetto Supplement Formulation 

The efficacy of commercially available saw palmetto formulations differs based on their:

• Added ingredients: Added ingredients, such as pygeum root extract and pumpkin seed oil base, increase the total phytosterol content in the formulation. 

• Fatty acid and phytosterol content: The fatty acid content of a saw palmetto supplement formulation determines its efficacy in inhibiting the action of 5 alpha-reductase. 

• Nutrient delivery technology: Advanced nutrient delivery technology, such as cyclodextrins, enhances the bioavailability and absorption of active nutrients. 

An advanced supplement formulation would contain a blend of saw palmetto extract and other botanical extracts delivered through an innovative nutrient delivery technology to achieve maximum benefit of saw palmetto extract for prostate health.*    

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Saw Palmetto Supplements

The following are frequently asked questions (FAQs) about saw palmetto supplements:

Can I take a saw palmetto supplement daily? 

Clinical research has explored the effect of daily intake of 320 mg of saw palmetto extract in 2 divided doses for 24 weeks, increasing it to 640 mg/day for the next 24 weeks and finally, to 960 mg for the final 24 weeks in addressing BPH symptoms. Although the safety profile of saw palmetto extracts is well-established, it is recommended to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the appropriate daily use and intake period.     

Is it safe to take a saw palmetto supplement with prescription medicines?

Saw palmetto supplements may interfere with iron absorption and can have potential contraindications with certain medications, such as blood thinners. It is recommended to consult with your healthcare provider before taking a saw palmetto supplement with prescription medications or with other BPH supplements.  

How do I determine an advanced saw palmetto formulation? 

An advanced formulation is characterized by optimal bioavailability and absorption, which better achieves the benefits of saw palmetto extracts. Tesseract Medical Research’s ProstaSorb® SR formula is a hypoallergenic blend of three clinically tested extracts: saw palmetto, Pygeum africanum, and Cucurbita pepo (Summer pumpkin).   

Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® —DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enhances the palatability, bioavailability, and absorption of saw palmetto’s active ingredients, making the formulation one of the best BPH supplements. The CyLoc® technology encapsulates the nutrient molecules to maintain their integrity during transit through the stomach. The accompanying DexKey® reactors release the active nutrient molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract. 

The optimal absorption of the active nutrients in saw palmetto extract accomplished through Tesseract’s smart delivery technology enables micro-dosing, which means a lower amount of active nutrients is needed to provide advanced prostate and urinary support.* ProstaSorb® is Tesseract’s answer to providing nutritional support for addressing BPH-associated urinary discomfort and promoting healthy aging.*  

Citations: 

¹Pais P. Potency of a novel saw palmetto ethanol extract, SPET-085, for inhibition of 5alpha-reductase II. Advances in Therapy vol. 27,8 (2010):555-563. doi:10.1007/s12325-010-0041-6

²Abe M, et al. Pharmacologically relevant receptor binding characteristics and 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity of free Fatty acids contained in saw palmetto extract. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009;32(4):646-650. doi:10.1248/bpb.32.646

³Scholtysek C, et al. Characterizing components of the Saw Palmetto Berry Extract (SPBE) . . . . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications vol. 379,3 (2009):795-798. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.114

⁴Wessagowit V, et al. Treatment of male androgenetic alopecia with topical products containing Serenoa repens extract.” The Australasian Journal of Dermatology vol. 57,3 (2016): e76-82. doi:10.1111/ajd.12352

⁵Prager N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia [published correction appears in J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Mar;12(2):199]. J Altern Complement Med. 2002;8(2):143-152. doi:10.1089/acm.2002.8.143

⁶Gupta AK, Talukder M, Bamimore MA. Natural products for male androgenetic alopecia. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(4):e15323. doi:10.1111/dth.15323

⁷Bernichtein , et al. [P]roperties of lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon®) in a mouse model of prostate hyperplasia. The Prostate vol. 75,7 (2015): 706-722. doi:10.1002/pros.22953

⁸Andriole GL, et al. The effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto fruit extract on serum prostate specific antigen: analysis of the CAMUS randomized trial. The Journal of Urology vol. 189,2 (2013): 486-92. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.037

Article Summary:

• The efficacy of a joint health supplement depends on the absorption and bioavailability of its active nutrients.
• The limited absorption and bioavailability  make most commercially available joint supplements ineffective. 
• TetraCumin® combines the physiological benefits of tetrahydrocurcumin with Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery technology to support your bone and muscle health.*

Although widespread, joint and muscle soreness can impact your regular lifestyle and activities. And although tender and sore joints can indicate that your immune system is working toward addressing the situation and promoting the growth of new tissues,  an overactive inflammatory response by the immune system can result in progressive damage to bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.  

A nutrient-rich diet and exercise are proven ways to maintain healthy joints. Joint health supplements are also an additional approach to promote musculoskeletal health.* But are joint health supplements effective? Let’s understand how joint health supplements work and why you should include one in your diet.  

How Do Joint Health Supplements Work? 

Several natural substances are considered beneficial to joint health and are widely used as ingredients in nutritional supplements. The following table highlights some of the common ingredients in commercially available joint health supplements, their dietary sources, and how they work toward maintaining bone and muscle health.

Joint Health Supplements: Working Mechanism
Ingredient	Dietary source		How it works
Curcumin	Roots of the turmeric (Curcuma longa) plant.		The antioxidant properties of curcumin and its ability to help maintain the body’s natural inflammatory response address joint and muscle soreness.*
Glucosamine and Chondroitin	These compounds are found in the healthy cartilage of cattle or sharks and shells of shellfish (shrimp, oysters, crabs).		Glucosamine and chondroitin protect cells called chondrocytes that maintain cartilage structure. By maintaining a healthy inflammatory response, these compounds help maintain cartilage structure in the joints.
Vitamin D	Oily fish (salmon, mackerel, tuna), egg yolks, red meat, and liver.		Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and helps maintain adequate calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood to enable normal bone mineralization. Optimal bone mineral content is vital to limit conditions such as soft bones, muscle weakness, spasms, and cramps.
Fish Oil	Fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel, trout, and shellfish.		The omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil modulate natural inflammatory responses through various signaling pathways, helping to alleviate sore and tender joints.

As an ingredient in joint health supplements, curcumin is recognized for its immense therapeutic potential¹. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes curcumin and two other curcuminoids as ‘Generally Recognized As Safe’ (GRAS). The tolerability and safety profile of curcumin is well established, even when ingested in amounts up to 4000 – 8000 mg/day. 

However, the naturally poor bioavailability and absorption of curcumin result in the ineffectiveness of most curcumin supplements. In this situation, a significantly high amount of curcumin must be ingested to achieve the desired results. The intense bitter taste of curcumin makes it difficult to ingest orally, posing challenges to consumer compliance with a daily supplement regimen.

Tetrahydrocurcumin, a curcumin metabolite, exhibits pharmacological activities similar to curcumin but is a more potent antioxidant than curcumin.* Tetrahydrocurcumin has a well-known modulatory effect on signaling pathways and molecules associated with balancing the inflammatory response.* This effect translates to tetrahydrocurcumin being more effective than curcumin when used as an ingredient in a joint health supplement.* 

Including A Curcumin Supplement in Your Diet to Promote Joint Health*

TetraCumin® is a breakthrough bioactive tetrahydrocurcumin formulation developed by Tesseract Medical Research. The formulation is available in sustained-release (SR) and quick-release (QR) formats to promote joint and muscle health.*  

• TetraCumin-SR®: Provides Tetrahydrocurcumin, the bioactive curcumin metabolite, in a 12-hour sustained-release format, utilizing a proprietary, clinically-researched plant-based cellulose to enable optimal absorption of the active nutrient. 

• TetraCumin-QR®: It provides a quick-release alternative for a more immediate or short-term benefit of tetrahydrocurcumin to address joint and muscle soreness.* 

Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nanotechnology delivery enables maximum absorption and enhanced palatability of tetrahydrocurcumin to make curcumin absorption  a therapeutic reality. The CyLoc® technology encases each tetrahydrocurcumin molecule, and the DexKey® reactors release the molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract. The smart delivery system protects the integrity of the active ingredient molecules as they transit through the gastrointestinal tract and ensures targeted delivery. The unprecedented absorption and enhanced bioavailability of tetrahydrocurcumin make the formulation an effective joint health supplement that yields the desired rapid beneficial response.*     

Citations:

¹Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 6,10 92. 22 Oct. 2017, doi:10.3390/foods6100092

Article Summary:

• Red meat and organ meats, including the heart, kidneys, and liver, as well as leafy green vegetables and rice bran, are typical dietary sources of lipoic acid. 
• Dietary supplements provide a significantly higher amount of lipoic acid than can be obtained through a diet containing lipoic acid-rich foods. 
• The proprietary nutrient delivery nanotechnology developed by Tesseract Medical Research enables unprecedented absorption and enhanced bioavailability of lipoic acid. 

Lipoic acid, also known as alpha-lipoic acid, is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes and plays a critical role in mitochondrial energy metabolism.* Its potent antioxidant properties address various health conditions associated with oxidative stress, as it effectively neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals.* Additionally, lipoic acid acts as a detoxification agent, supports the regulation of cellular glucose uptake, and modulates several critical cell signaling pathways.*

R-lipoic acid is also known for regulating insulin sensitivity and secretion, thereby promoting glucose metabolism. It helps maintain the optimal functioning of the thyroid gland and has been found to exert beneficial effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats. It also plays a therapeutic role in promoting male and female reproductive health.    

The human body innately synthesizes R-lipoic acid, which is also found in certain foods and is covalently bound to lysine residues within proteins. This article highlights lipoic acid-rich foods that should be part of a balanced diet, along with considerations for adding a lipoic acid supplement to your diet to further promote your overall health.*

Lipoic Acid-Rich Foods: An Overview

Although lipoic acid is present in various foods derived from plant and animal sources, there is limited quantitative information on the precise lipoic acid content in food. Lipoic acid primarily, but transiently, accumulates in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscles. Naturally, animal tissues with high lipoic acid content include the heart, liver, kidneys, and muscle meats. Vegetables such as spinach and broccoli also contain lipoic acid. A relatively lower amount of lipoic acid is present in peas, tomatoes, and brussel sprouts. 

The following table highlights lipoic acid-rich food sources you can include in your diet.

Lipoic Acid-Rich Foods List
Muscle meats and Organ Meats	Red meat, animal muscle meats, and organ meats, such as heart, liver, and kidney, are rich in lipoic acid.
Fruits and Vegetables	Spinach, broccoli, carrots, beets, potatoes, tomatoes, peas, and Brussels sprouts.
Yeast extract	Certain yeast extracts, such as Brewer’s yeast, also contain lipoic acid.

Although lipoic acid is available from the above sources, it is not likely that a significant amount is consumed through a diet of lipoic acid-rich foods. The concentrations of lipoic acid in dietary supplements (ranging from 50 to 600 mg per serving) are almost 1,000 times higher than the amounts that could be obtained from the diet alone. 

The bioavailability of lipoic acid is likely influenced by multiple carrier proteins and can varry between its two isomers—R-lipoic acid and S-lipoic acid.  Following oral administration, the peak plasma concentrations of R-lipoic acid have been found^1,2 to be 40-50 percent higher than S-lipoic acid, suggesting a better absorption of the R-enantiomer. Additionally, the overall bioavailability of lipoic acid fluctuates depending on its intake as a free acid or salt and whether it is taken with or without a meal. 

An advanced lipoic acid supplement formulation can address the nutrient’s absorption and bioavailability challenges to help achieve its health benefits.* 

Introducing An Advanced Lipoic Acid Supplement in Your Diet

Tesseract Medical Research has developed a groundbreaking R-lipoic acid supplement formulation, which can be a suitable alternative to lipoic acid-rich foods. Tesseract’s RLA Pro SR® is formulated with lipoic acid’s R isomer for optimal absorption and bioavailability. Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology solubilizes R-lipoic acid, ensuring its delivery through the gut wall for unprecedented absorption and bioavailability. This enhanced bioavailability of lipoic acid allows for micro-dosing in a single capsule, utilizing lesser amounts of the nutrient than previously required to achieve powerful and immediate physiological responses.*

Citations:

¹Maglione E, et al. Increasing bioavailability of (R)-alpha-lipoic acid to boost antioxidant activity in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Acta Bio-Medica : Atenei Parmensis vol. 86,3 226-33. 14 Dec. 2015

² Ikuta N, et al. Bioavailability of an R-α-Lipoic Acid/γ-Cyclodextrin Complex in Healthy Volunteers. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(6):949. doi:10.3390/ijms17060949

Article Summary:

• The antioxidant properties of quercetin promote various health functions, including supporting lung health.
• Quercetin supports optimal lung functions by addressing pulmonary responses to oxidative stress — the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body.* 
• Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery technology enhances the absorption and bioavailability of quercetin to make its pulmonary support benefits a therapeutic reality.*

On average, we take 12-18 breaths per minute, better known as the normal respiratory rate. The human lung consumes 5 – 6 ml of oxygen per minute and transfers it to the bloodstream. In addition to respiration, the lungs balance pH and trap pathogens and dust particles in their mucus lining. Several factors, including unhealthy lifestyle, aging, pollution, and disease conditions, can compromise lung function, adversely impacting overall health.

Quercetin, a phenolic compound of the flavonoid family, is present in several food sources, including onions, broccoli, and apples. The most abundant of the flavonoids, quercetin has a high antioxidant activity that promotes various health functions, including respiratory health. Discussed below is how quercetin works to support lung support health and why you should include a quercetin supplement in your diet.   

Quercetin Lung Support: How It Works

Although our lungs efficiently promote gas exchange, they are susceptible to insults from the external environment. Exposure to air pollution and altered oxygen tension can both cause oxygen to transform into reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Under normal conditions, the ROS/RNS concentrations in the lungs are minimized through the activity of antioxidants present within cells and in the fluids of the epithelial lining the lungs. 

However, oxidative stress caused by external factors (environment) and internal factors (disease conditions or adverse immune responses) can create an imbalance between ROS/RNS concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Prolonged oxidative stress damages cellular protein, lipids, and DNA, leading to various pulmonary disorders. 
As an antioxidant, quercetin eliminates free radicals and limits oxidative stress.* The following table highlights quercetin lung support by addressing pulmonary responses to oxidative stress¹.*

How Quercetin Supports Lung Function
Pulmonary responses to oxidative stress	How quercetin addresses oxidative stress in the lungs
Activation of oxidases: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases or NOXs are found on the membranes of leukocytes or white blood cells. NOXs are activated in response to bacteria or foreign elements in the lung.	Quercetin limits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress by suppressing NOX production.*
Lipid peroxidation: Oxidative stress can trigger non-enzymatic oxidation reactions that form lipid hydroperoxides. The lipid hydroperoxides react with amino acid residues and participate in signaling pathways to generate more reactive by-products.	Quercetin limits lipid peroxidation by neutralizing various reactive oxygen species.* As an antioxidant, quercetin reacts with free radicals and forms less reactive phenoxy radicals.*
Production of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases: These enzymes are endogenously produced in the lungs. Oxidative stress enhances these enzymes’ activities, adversely affecting several cell signaling pathways.	Quercetin is a potent, competitive inhibitor of lipoxygenases (LOXs) and other polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) metabolizing enzymes.*

Quercetin further inhibits various protein kinases and is involved in the activation (Nrf2 pathway) and inhibition (NF-κB) of cell signaling pathways to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes to promote pulmonary health.* 

Although quercetin is abundant in your regular diet, its poor bioavailability and absorption undermine its efficacy. Various pharmacological approaches, including nano-delivery technologies, such as cyclodextrins, can enhance the solubility and absorption of quercetin, resulting in quercetin being more stable and bioavailable than free quercetin.  

Including A Quercetin Supplement in Your Diet

Tesseract Medical Research has two unique quercetin supplement formulations — QuerciSorb Immuphore SR^® and QuerciSorb®  — both of which can promote healthy immune and cardiovascular functions.*

QuerciSorb Immuphore SR^® is a nanoformulated quercetin supplement that also contains other nutrients, including vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc, tofurther support healthy immune function.* Enhanced immune function in the respiratory system helps recognize and eliminate foreign elements from the respiratory tract while maintaining homeostasis and healthy lung function.*

QuerciSorb® downregulates exaggerated immune responses and supports healthy blood pressure through optimal vasodilation and inhibiting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol oxidation — all of which support optimal pulmonary function.*   

The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables unprecedented absorption of quercetin molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract. The CyLoc® technology encases quercetin molecules in its smart delivery system, while the accompanying DexKey® reactors release quercetin molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract for optimal absorption. 

The result is an efficacious quercetin lung support formulation, making the benefits of this potent antioxidant bioflavonoid a bioavailable therapeutic reality.*  

Citations:

¹Rogers LK, Cismowski MJ. Current opinion in toxicology vol. 7 (2018): 37-43. doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2017.09.001

If you think your frequent trips to the bathroom are a natural part of aging, then you might be experiencing gradual prostate enlargement. The likelihood of developing an enlarged prostate significantly increases as a man ages and may pose various health challenges. An enlarged prostate gland compresses the urethra and the bladder, which can cause decreased urinary flow and volume, and increase the frequency of urination. An enlarged prostate can also lead to poor sleep patterns caused by frequent awakenings at night, affecting your overall quality of life. 

This article explains benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the clinical name for prostate enlargement, as well as  its causes, how diet and nutrition can help address it, and the best supplements for BPH. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page. 

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to benign prostate enlargement — a common urological condition in men that usually occurs after the age of 40. This highly prevalent age-related condition affects more than 94 million men worldwide, occurring in 50 percent of the male population between the ages of 50 and 60. After age 70, up to 80-90 percent of men develop BPH. 

The prostate gland is a hormone-dependent part of the male reproductive system and is prone to internal and external disruptions. Its enlargement is characterized by various problems affecting normal urinary function , including: 

• A strong and sudden urge to urinate 
• Straining to urinate
• Slowed or delayed start of the urinary stream 
• Inability to urinate
• Incomplete emptying of the bladder 
• Dribbling at the end of urinating
• Incontinence or the lack of voluntary control over urination

When urine is not expelled entirely and collects in the bladder, it can increase the risk of infection. This, in turn, can make it more painful to urinate and lead to more frequent bathroom trips. Additionally, such urination discomfort adversely affects sleep at night and significantly impacts daily life. 

Causes of Prostate Enlargement 

On average, a man’s prostate gland is about the size of a walnut. As the gland gradually enlarges with age, it can grow to the size of a lemon or a ping-pong ball and can grow even further to the size of a tennis ball. Prostate enlargement can be caused by several factors, including changes in hormones, inflammation, growth factors, cell receptor signaling, physical activity, diet, and the prostate microbiome that leads to increased cellular proliferation. 

Although the exact factors that cause BPH are still being explored, the following are the most likely reasons behind prostate enlargement. 

• Hormonal action: Changing levels of male hormones, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), tend to strongly affect the prostate gland during aging. 

• Cellular proliferation: The prostate’s stromal and epithelial cells in the transitional zone proliferate due to inflammation and the action of sex hormones.  

How Does an Enlarged Prostate Affect Your Sleep? 

Several studies^1,2 correlate poor sleep quality with a higher incidence of BPH among middle-aged and older men. The growth of stromal and prostate epithelial cells causes the prostate to physically compress the urethra. This leads to Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS), including the symptoms of obstructive voiding (straining, weak stream, hesitation, and incomplete emptying) or irritable voiding (urgency, frequency, and incontinence).  

Here is how an enlarged prostate affects your sleep and your overall health.  

• Frequent voiding at night: Voiding is one of the main reasons for waking at night, and sleep disturbance mediates the effect of nocturia—waking up at night one or more times for voiding. Urological conditions can lead to sleep-related problems or vice versa. Sleep disorders can further influence the prostate condition by altering circadian regulation, nervous system input, and steroid hormone action.  

• Disturbed sleep affecting overall health: Sleep is critical for completing vital physiological functions by promoting the growth of the central nervous system and restoring physical functions. Sleep restriction can cause a wide range of adverse immune, cognitive, hormonal, and metabolic conditions.    

Can Diet and Nutrition Address BPH? 

Recent findings³ indicate that dietary factors impact metabolic disorders that indirectly affect both BPH and LUTS. Diets high in starches and fats are likely to negatively affect prostate health. Although the role of total dietary protein in causing prostate enlargement is unclear, men who consume more red meat have been found to be at an increased risk of BPH. A plant-based diet that emphasizes whole fruits, cruciferous vegetables, whole grains, nuts, olive oil, and fish preferred over red meat is often recommended for a healthy prostate.

Beyond diet, several botanicals, phytochemicals, and vitamins have traditionally been used to address prostate enlargement.* Extensive research has been conducted on the role of dietary supplements, such as zinc, saw palmetto, beta-sitosterol, and lycopene, in relieving BPH symptoms.* There is an evolving perspective that specific phytochemicals and vitamins hold immense potential to address BPH symptoms.* 

In addition to nutrition and dietary supplements, moderate to vigorous physical activity, limited caffeine and alcohol intake, and healthy weight management are critical to promoting prostate health. 

Best Supplements for BPH 

The following table highlights some of the best supplements for BPH and how they address prostate enlargement.*

Best Supplements for BPH
Saw Palmetto:  The saw palmetto berry is rich in fatty acids, plant steroids, and flavonoids. Studies4,5 indicate that saw palmetto inhibits 5α-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.* As the enzyme inhibitor, saw palmetto helps limit the enlargement of the prostate gland.*
Zinc: Zinc plays a critical role in prostate function, and a zinc deficiency has long been linked6 to potential causes of BPH. Oral intake of a zinc supplement can promote prostate health.
Beta-Sitosterol:  It is a phytopharmacological extract derived from the South African star grass, which contains a mixture of phytosterols. Although the exact mechanism of action of beta-sitosterols is still unclear, a randomized clinical trial7 found that b-sitosterol supplementation helps change peak and mean urine flow and residual urine volume. These results indicate the beneficial role of beta-sitosterols in alleviating BPH symptoms.
Vitamin D: Several clinical studies8 show a strong correlation between a vitamin D deficiency and BPH. Vitamin D supplementation has been found9 to help limit the increase in prostate volume and address LUTS.
Pygeum:  In animal models, the extract of the African prune tree, Pygeum africanum, has been found10 to modulate bladder contractility and restore functions of the prostate epithelium to help relieve urinary discomfort associated with prostate enlargement.*
Cucurbita pepo: Extracts of field pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) have been found11 to help alleviate the signs of BPH in individuals with moderate LUTS.*

Why You Need An Advanced BPH Supplement Formulation

Saw palmetto supplements are one of the most commonly consumed and best dietary supplements for BPH. Some studies have found saw palmetto supplementation helps alleviate BPH and LUTS symptoms.* 

Notably, the efficacy of commercially available saw palmetto supplements differs based on their fatty acid and phytosterol content. Also, added ingredients in supplement formulations can beneficially affect the total fatty acid and phytosterol content. An advanced BPH supplement formulation will contain such added ingredients and utilize nutrient delivery technology to enhance the bioavailability and absorption of active nutrients. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About BPH Supplements

The following are frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the best supplements for BPH. 

Are BPH supplements safe? 

Saw palmetto is considered safe as a BPH supplement when used as directed. The most common short-term side effects include headache, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. However, long-term adverse effects have been rare. It is always recommended to consult with your healthcare provider before including a BPH supplement in your diet.   

Can you take a BPH supplement with prescription medications? 

Some reports suggest that the presence of tannic acid in saw palmetto can interfere with iron absorption and blood-thinning drugs. It is always recommended to consult with your healthcare provider to understand the potential contraindications of a BPH supplement with prescription medications or other supplements.  

How do I choose the best supplements for BPH?   

The best supplements for BPH are characterized by the optimal bioavailability and absorption of the active ingredients in blended preparations of saw palmetto extracts combined with other synergistic botanical extracts.  

ProstaSorb® is an innovative BPH supplement formulation from Tesseract Medical Research that contains three clinically tested extracts: saw palmetto, Pygeum africanum, and Cucurbita pepo. The unrivaled nutrient delivery nanotechnology developed by Tesseract Medical Research enhances the bioavailability and absorption of ProstaSorb’s active ingredients. The proprietary technology enables optimal absorption, which means a lower amount of active nutrients is needed to achieve the desired results. The micro-dosing of the active nutrients in a single capsule enables maximum efficacy in addressing the symptoms of prostate enlargement, making the formulation one of the best supplements for BPH.*     

Citations:

¹Araujo AB, et al. Sleep related problems and urological symptoms: Testing the hypothesis of bidirectionality in a longitudinal, population based study. The Journal of Urology vol. 191,1 (2014):100-106. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.07.011

²Chartier-Kastler E, et al. Prostatic hyperplasia is highly associated with nocturia and excessive sleepiness: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(3):e000505. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000505

³Espinosa G. Nutrition and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Current Opinion in Urology vol. 23,1 (2013): 38-41. doi:10.1097/MOU.0b013e32835abd05

⁴Pais P. Potency of a novel saw palmetto ethanol extract, SPET-085, for inhibition of 5alpha-reductase II. Advances in Therapy vol. 27,8 (2010):555-563. doi:10.1007/s12325-010-0041-6

⁵Abe M, et al. Pharmacologically relevant receptor binding characteristics and 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity of free Fatty acids contained in saw palmetto extract. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009;32(4):646-650. doi:10.1248/bpb.32.646

⁶Sauer AK, et al. Zinc deficiency in men over 50 and its implications in prostate disorders. Frontiers in Oncology vol. 10 1293. 6 Aug. 2020, doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.01293

⁷Wilt T, et al. Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews vol. 1999,2 (2000): CD001043. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001043

⁸Colli E, et al. BXL628, a novel vitamin D3 analog arrests prostate growth in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized clinical trial. European Urology vol. 49,1 (2006):82-86. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.08.014

⁹Yeo JK, et al. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone, prostate, and lower urinary tract symptoms: A prospective, comparative study. The World Journal of Men’s Health vol. 41,4 (2023): 874-881. doi:10.5534/wjmh.220180

¹⁰Wilt T, et al. Pygeum africanum for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews vol. 1998,1 (2002): CD001044. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001044

¹¹Theil G, et al. Extract from Cucurbita pepo improves BPH symptoms without affecting sexual function: a 24-month noninterventional study. World Journal of Urology vol. 40,7 (2022):1769-1775. doi:10.1007/s00345-022-04036-w

Article Summary:

• Anandamide levels can become depleted due to several factors, including a sedentary lifestyle, a stress-induced environment, and an unhealthy diet. 
• The natural production of anandamide in the body can be supported with an anandamide-rich diet, endurance exercises, and supplements. 
• Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® technology enables unprecedented absorption of anandamide through the gut wall, making it a therapeutic reality.

Anandamide, the ‘bliss’ molecule cannabinoid naturally produced in the body, is known for its therapeutic properties in regulating emotional and mental well-being.* Chemically, anandamide is arachidonyl-ethanolamide (AEA), a lipid-based neurotransmitter that binds to endocannabinoid receptors in different regions of the brain and the body.* Although the exact mechanism of how anandamide works is not fully understood, research¹ suggests that a suboptimal level of anandamide in the body can adversely influence our behavior and emotional health.* 

If you are wondering how to boost anandamide levels in your body, let’s look at some of the common factors that impact your anandamide level, ways to enhance it, and why you should include an anandamide supplement in your diet.    

How to Boost Anandamide Levels in Your Body: An Overview 

The body’s natural production of anandamide is affected by the following factors:

• Enhanced activity of FAAH enzyme: The Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme is a critical enzyme in the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The FAAH enzyme breaks down anandamide into ethanolamine and arachidonic acid. Genetic mutation in the FAAH gene is associated with inhibited activity of this enzyme, thereby limiting the breakdown of anandamide and increasing its  level naturally.  The issue is with excessive FAAH activity and subsequent depletion of anandamide resulting in loss of anandamide homeostasis.

• Stress-induced environment: Research² indicates the adverse impact of high-stress environments on anandamide levels. Prolonged exposure to stressful environments results in the loss or downregulation of the CB1 receptors that bind to anandamide.  

• Poor lifestyle choices: An irregular sleep schedule and a lack of physical activities can also deplete the body’s level anandamide.  

As the level of anandamide dips, it can lead to mood changes, influencing our ability to cope with stress and anxiety (non-General Anxiety Disorder).* A low level of anandamide can also adversely impact heart, gut, and immune health.*

There are various ways to enhance the body’s natural production of anandamide. The following table highlights how to boost anandamide levels in your body.

How to Boost Anandamide Levels in Your Body
Anandamide-rich diet	Cocoa beans and truffles are natural sources of anandamide, while other dietary sources, such as berries, apples, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, seafood, eggs, pepper, saffron, and tea, contain compounds that are precursors to anandamide production.
Active Lifestyle	The ‘runner’s high’ experienced during and after endurance exercises is associated with the body’s release of endocannabinoids, including anandamide. The exercise-induced spike in peripheral anandamide levels helps maintain optimal anandamide production to promote neurological health.
Using CBD	Cannabidiol (CBD) is a plant-derived cannabinoid that works indirectly with CB1 receptors of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) to enhance anandamide signaling. CBD also down-regulates the activity of the FAAH enzyme, thereby inhibiting anandamide degradation. However, it is worth noting that the use of CBD products is much debated.
Supplementation	An anandamide supplement is a suitable alternative to CBD and can help fill nutritional gaps in the diet. Supplement formulations also enhance the absorption of anandamide and enable micro-dosing — the intake of a lesser amount of anandamide than previously required to achieve the desired physiological response.

The therapeutic benefits of anandamide are greatly hindered by its naturally poor absorption due to the instability of the anandamide molecule and the action of gastrointestinal enzymes on it. Supplement formulations that are based on advanced delivery systems, such as nanocarriers, enhance the absorption of anandamide molecules across the gut wall.  

Including An Advanced Anandamide Supplement in Your Diet

AnaQuell® is a revolutionary anandamide supplement formulation developed by Tesseract Medical Research to support a healthy response to stress and anxiety (non-GAD).* So, what are the factors that make AnaQuell® stand out among commercially available anandamide supplements?

• Ingredients: In addition to anandamide, AnaQuell contains L-citrulline, the natural precursor of L-arginine, which is required for nitric oxide (NO) production. By enhancing NO production, L-citrulline promotes blood flow and nutrient delivery to the brain.  

• Nano-molecular delivery science: The proprietary and groundbreaking CyLoc® – DexKey® technology solubilizes anandamide to ensure it is delivered through the gut wall.  

• Unparalleled absorption and bioavailability: The unprecedented absorption of anandamide and its enhanced bioavailability allows for micro-dosing to achieve the desired therapeutic effects with lesser amounts of anandamide than previously required.   

Citations:

¹Bluett RJ, et al. Translational psychiatry vol. 4,7 e408. 8 Jul. 2014, doi:10.1038/tp.2014.53

²Morena M, et al. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology vol. 41,1 (2016): 80-102. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.166

Article Summary:

• Both black seed oil and turmeric have numerous health benefits and have been used for centuries across different cultures. 
• Thymoquinone, derived from black seeds, and curcumin, derived from turmeric, exhibit poor absorption and bioavailability, which hinder the efficacy of most supplements containing these nutrients. 
• The proprietary nutrient delivery technology developed by Tesseract Medical Research addresses the bioavailability and palatability issues of these two nutrients to help achieve their health benefits. 

Black seed oil is derived from the seeds of nigella sativa, an annual flowering plant widely known for its beneficial properties. Black seed, also known as black cumin,  has been used across different cultures owing to its antioxidant and immunomodulating properties that promote various health functions.* These benefits are primarily  attributed to the presence of thymoquinone, the major bioactive component of the essential oil, which plays a key role in its therapeutic effects. 

Turmeric comes from the root of curcuma longa, a native Asian flowering plant. Curcumin, the yellow polyphenolic pigment found in turmeric, is associated with multiple health benefits. The antioxidant properties of curcumin and its ability to maintain the body’s natural inflammatory response are linked to its associated health benefits.* 

This post explores  the benefits of black seed oil versus turmeric, their similarities, differences, and why you should include both nutrients as supplements in your diet.     

Black Seed Oil versus Turmeric: A Comparison 

Both black seed and turmeric have been used for centuries for their many health benefits. The combined effect of these nutrients has also been explored¹ to understand their beneficial roles in addressing various health conditions. When considering black seed oil versus turmeric as supplements, it is worth understanding the similarities and differences between these two nutrients, their mechanisms of action, and how they promote health functions in the body.*  

The following table highlights several key differences and similarities between the two nutrients. 

Black Seed Oil versus Turmeric
Similarities	Pharmacological properties: Both curcumin and thymoquinone are antioxidants and display immunomodulatory properties.* Additionally, these two nutrients are known to exert gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and renal protective effects.*   Palatability: Both black seed oil and turmeric have poor palatability. Black seed oil has a bitter and spicy flavor, while turmeric has a bitter taste, making it difficult to ingest these orally in supplement form for some individuals.   Absorption and bioavailability: Both thymoquinone and curcumin exhibit lipophilicity, a major contributing factor to poor absorption and bioavailability, reducing the amount that enters systemic circulation.
Differences	Origin: Thymoquinone is derived from the seeds of the nigella sativa plant. Curcumin is derived from the rhizomes of curcuma longa plant.  Compounds: The key compounds in black seeds are thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, p-cymene, carvacrol, and others. The key compounds in turmeric are curcumin, dimethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin.

The poor absorption and bioavailability of black seed oil and turmeric hinder the efficacy of most thymoquinone and curcumin supplements. Advanced formulations that utilize innovative pharmacological approaches can enhance the absorption of these nutrients to help achieve their health benefits.   

Including Black Seed and Turmeric Supplements in Your Diet 

Tesseract Medical Research has developed the proprietary CyLoc® /DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology, which addresses the bioavailability challenges of active nutrients, thus achieving targeted delivery and unprecedented absorption. The CyLoc® technology encases individual nutrient molecules to enhance their palatability and protect them from breaking down during the transit through the stomach. The accompanying DexKey® reactors release each molecule at the desired point in the intestinal tract for optimal absorption and bioavailability. 

The following Tesseract supplement formulations contain thymoquinone and curcumin, enhancing the bioavailability of these nutrients to achieve the associated health benefits. 

• ThymoQuell® and ThymoQuell Plus®: ThymoQuell® is a stand-alone thymoquinone formulation that addresses oxidative stress and helps maintain normal inflammatory responses in the gastrointestinal tract.* ThymoQuell Plus® contains turmeric oil and terpenes, in addition to thymoquinone, for a comprehensive approach in promoting gastrointestinal health.* 

• TetraCumin®:  This curcumin supplement contains tetrahydrocurcumin, the most bioactive form of curcumin, for optimal absorption and bioavailability.* The hypoallergenic formulation promotes a healthy immune response, provides optimal support for periodic joint flare-ups, and helps maintain the body’s natural inflammatory response.* 

When it comes to black seed oil and turmeric supplementation, the key is to select a formulation that optimizes the bioavailability of both nutrients to best achieve their health benefits.

Citations: 

¹Amin, F et al. “Clinical efficacy of the co-administration of Turmeric and Black seeds (Kalongi) in metabolic syndrome – a double blind randomized controlled trial – TAK-MetS trial.” Complementary therapies in medicine vol. 23,2 (2015): 165-74. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2015.01.008

Gut health plays a critical role in overall well-being. A diet rich in diverse high-fiber foods, fermented foods, and foods rich in polyphenols, including herbs and spices, is instrumental in promoting gastrointestinal health.¹ However, it can be challenging to consistently include all necessary micro- and macronutrients through diet alone. In such cases, nutritional supplements offer a practical solution to bridge any nutrition gaps.   

Thymoquinone is the most abundant constituent of nigella sativa seeds, commonly known as black cumin. Although black cumin is traditionally used as a spice across different cultures, its health benefits as a dietary supplement have attracted the interest of researchers. This article explains thymoquinone’s health benefits and side effects, how it supports gut functions, and why you should consider including an advanced thymoquinone supplement in your diet. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page. 

What is Thymoquinone?

Thymoquinone, chemically known as 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-1, 4-benzoquinone, is a monoterpene molecule and the most prominent bioactive compound  in nigella sativa seeds. Although black cumin seeds contain other beneficial compounds such as terpenes, terpenoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, tocols, and polyphenols, the health benefits of the seeds are largely attributed to the presence of thymoquinone. Although thymoquinone and its derivatives account for the antioxidative properties of black seed oil, the overall antioxidative activity of the oil is increased by the presence of thymol isomers.²*

Thymoquinone Extraction from Black Seeds

The thymoquinone content in black cumin seeds increases steadily as the seeds mature, reaching peak levels around day 75 after fertilization. As the primary phytoconstituent of the seed, thymoquinone is abundant in the volatile oil fraction. Thus, the time of harvesting the seeds is a key determining factor of their thymoquinone content.   

The extraction method used to extract black seed oil plays a significant role in the total thymoquinone yield and the pharmacological properties of the seed oil. The following are different extraction methods used to obtainthe seed oil: 

• Cold press
• Supercritical fluid extraction
• Microwave-assisted extraction
• Hydrodistillation
• Enzymatic digestion
• Ultrasonication
• Pulse electric field

Although cold press extraction is the conventional method for extracting the seed oil, the thymoquinone concentration in oil extracted by cold press is found to be lower than that in oil extracted by supercritical fluid extraction(SFE). SFE has several benefits over traditional extraction methods, such as mild processing conditions and minimal risks of solvent contamination. Supercritical fluid extraction of black cumin seed oil allows for a higher-quality and purer thymoquinone extract. 

Pharmacological Properties of Thymoquinone

The antioxidative properties of thymoquinone and its ability to help maintain the body’s natural inflammatory response translate to various health benefits associated with black cumin seeds.* Thymoquinone exerts its antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects through various molecular pathways*, including:

1. Activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
2. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)
3. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) 
4. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-Κβ)

The following table highlights the antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects of thymoquinone:

Pharmacological Properties of Thymoquinone
Antioxidative effects: Thymoquinone’s antioxidative role4 enhances the body’s defense system, induces apoptosis or cell death, and controls the Akt/PKB signaling pathway.* Thymoquinone upregulates antioxidant mechanisms, which increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase.*
Immunomodulatory effects: Thymoquinone’s immunomodulatory effects help5 prevent the biosynthesis of essential mediators in inflammatory processes.* It also limits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins and TNF-α.*

Thymoquinone’s Health Benefits and Side Effects

Thymoquinone’s pharmacological properties promote several health functions, including those of the brain, gut, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, skin, and reproductive organs.* The following table summarizes the role of thymoquinone in protecting health functions against oxidative stress and adverse inflammatory responses:

Thymoquinone Benefits
Neurological health: Black cumin and thymoquinone antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties help6 maintain normal inflammatory responses in brain cells, limit neurotoxicity, and provide neuroprotection against various degenerative conditions.*
Gastrointestinal health: Black seed oil and its key ingredient, thymoquinone, promote7 gastrointestinal health by: Maintaining a normal inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.*  Exerting beneficial selective inhibitory effects on various harmful microorganisms inhabiting the intestinal tract while supporting the growth of beneficial bacteria to promote a balanced gut microbiome.*  Increasing gastric mucin content and glutathione levels, thereby protecting the integrity of the gastric lining.*
Cardiovascular health:.* Thymoquinone from black cumin extract has been found8 to antagonize the cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II, the hormone that causes the muscular walls of small arteries to constrict, as well as modulate angiotensin II receptor activity, thereby helping to maintain normal blood pressure levels.* It has also been shown9 to lower harmful cholesterol levels and maintain normal lipid levels.*
Pulmonary health: Black cumin seed extract and its constituents have been found to exert bronchodilatory effects and protect against chemical-induced lung damage by limiting oxidative stress, adverse inflammatory responses, and cell death.*
Renal health: In a clinical study of individuals experiencing kidney dysfunction due to high blood glucose levels, black cumin extracts were found to help regulate the levels of blood glucose, serum creatinine, and blood urea, and improve glomerular filtration rate.*
Hepatic health: Recent clinical reviews of black cumin seed extract and its bioactive compounds thymoquinone, thymol, and α-hederin have been found to exert hepatoprotective actions through a range of complex mechanisms:  Inhibiting lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.*  Increasing antioxidant enzymes, total thiol, and glutathione (GSH) levels.*  Limiting fat accumulation in liver cells.* Maintaining normal inflammatory responses in liver cells.*
Endocrine health: In animal studies10, extracts of black cumin have been found to benefit blood lipid profiles, activate growth factor signaling, and enhance hepatic glycogen storage and insulin secretion.* By beneficially influencing lipid profiles and blood sugar levels, black cumin extracts may promote healthy weight management.*
Reproductive health: Research11 indicates that black seed oil and its main constituent, thymoquinone, positively influence fertility indicators, including: Testosterone level, sperm count, and semen quality in males.*  Reproductive hormone levels and ovarian functions in females.*  Thymoquinone enhances the activities of antioxidant enzymes, downregulates ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in reproductive cells/tissues, and promotes fertility and reproductive function.*
Skin health: The antioxidant and wound-healing effects of thymoquinone have been found12, 13 to mitigate skin conditions, such as depigmentation, and to improve overall skin health.*

Beyond the health benefits of thymoquinone covered above, accumulating evidence suggests^14,15 that it is a potent inhibitor of cellular proliferation and may induce apoptosis, or cell death, by modulating various cell signaling pathways.* 

Side Effects of Thymoquinone  

Culinary use of black cumin is considered safe for most individuals. In a clinical trial¹⁶, healthy volunteers who consumed 5 ml of Nigella sativa (NS) oil daily for eight weeks had no notable liver, kidney, or gastrointestinal side effects. Short-term usage (3 months) of NS oil and its constituents has not been linked to any adverse side effects. However, there is limited data on its prolonged usage.  

Is Thymoquinone Safe? 

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration categorizes Nigella sativa seeds and the extracted oil as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). Clinical studies¹⁷ have observed no adverse or toxic effects of black seed oil, and it is overall well-tolerated. However, the thymoquinone content of the oil in the studies to date was not stated. Based on scientific literature, a daily thymoquinone intake of less than 48.6 mg may be considered safe for adults. 

Why Do You Need An Advanced Thymoquinone Supplement Formulation? 

Thymoquinone’s efficacy through oral intake is limited by its poor bioavailability and low absorption, primarily due to its hydrophobic nature and low solubility in water. These challenges can significantly reduce its effectiveness. However, advanced nutrients delivery systems in supplement formulations can overcome thymoquinone’s bioavailability and absorption challenges to help maximize its therapeutic potential.

Nanoparticle-based formulations have been found to have relatively higher bioavailability than unformulated thymoquinone. The movement of thymoquinone-loaded nanocarriers through the intestinal lymphatic system bypasses the initial digestion and metabolism, thus enhancing the relative bioavailability. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Thymoquinone Supplements

The following are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) about thymoquinone supplements: 

When should I include a thymoquinone supplement in my diet? 

Before considering taking a thymoquinone supplement, you should understand thymoquinone’s health benefits and side effects. Although thymoquinone has a well-established safety profile and promotes multiple health functions, it is always recommended to consult your healthcare provider before including a thymoquinone supplement in your diet. 

Can I take a thymoquinone supplement with prescription medications?

Thymoquinone can be potentially contraindicated with certain medications, such as blood thinners or renal medications. Consult with your healthcare provider before taking a thymoquinone supplement with prescription medications or any supplements that are a regular part of your routine.   

How do I determine the efficacy of a thymoquinone supplement?

The efficacy of a thymoquinone supplement is determined by its optimal absorption and bioavailability. An advanced formulation containing a blend of botanical extracts delivered through a nano-delivery system enables maximum absorption of the active nutrients. 

ThymoQuell® is an advanced thymoquinone supplement developed by Tesseract Medical Research to beneficially influence inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract.* ThymoQuell® Plus contains our advanced thymoquinone along with a blend of botanical extracts — turmeric oil and four powerful terpenes – geraniol, borneol, nerol, and farnesol, to promote normal inflammatory responses in the gastrointestinal tract through enhanced nutritional support.* Both formulations are powered by Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology for optimal absorption and solubility of the active nutrients.    

Citations:

¹Dingeo G, et al. Phytochemicals as modifiers of gut microbial communities. Food Funct. 2020;11(10):8444-8471. doi:10.1039/d0fo01483d

²Sakib R, et al. Antioxidant Properties of Thymoquinone, Thymohydroquinone and Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seed Oil…Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12(3):607. doi:10.3390/antiox12030607

³Khaikin E, et al. Screening of thymoquinone content in commercial Nigella sativa products to identify a promising and safe study medication.” Nutrients vol. 14,17 3501. 25 Aug. 2022, doi:10.3390/nu14173501

⁴Khan MA, et al. Activities of Nigella sativa (black cumin). African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines: AJTCAM vol. 8,5 Suppl (2011): 226-232. doi:10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.10

⁵Shaterzadeh-Yazdi, H, et al. Immunomodulatory . . . effects of thymoquinone.” Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Drug Targets vol. 18,1 (2018):52-60. doi:10.2174/1871529X18666180212114816

⁶Velagapudi R, et al. AMPK and SIRT1 activation contribute to inhibition of neuroinflammation by thymoquinone in BV2 microglia. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry vol. 435,1-2 (2017):149-162. doi:10.1007/s11010-017-3064-3

⁷Shakeri F, et al. Gastrointestinal effects of Nigella sativa and its main constituent, thymoquinone: A review. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine vol. 6,1 (2016):9-20.

⁸Enayatfard L, et al. The standardized extract of Nigella sativa and its major ingredient, thymoquinone . . . in rats. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology vol. 30,1 (2018):51-58. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0074

⁹ Majdalawieh AF, et al. Thymoquinone, a major constituent in Nigella sativa seeds…Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;909:174420. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174420

¹⁰Abdelrazek HMA, et al. Black seed thymoquinone improved insulin secretion, hepatic glycogen storage, and oxidative stress in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol. 2018 8104165. 4 Mar. 2018, doi:10.1155/2018/8104165

¹¹Mosbah R, et al. Protective effect of Nigella sativa oil against acetamiprid induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology vol. 41,2 (2018):206-212. doi:10.1080/01480545.2017.1337127

¹²Sarac G, et al. Effectiveness of topical Nigella sativa for vitiligo treatment. Dermatologic Therapy vol. 32,4 (2019): e12949. doi:10.1111/dth.12949

¹³Selçuk CT, et al. Evaluation of the effect of thymoquinone treatment on wound healing in a rat burn model. J Burn Care Res. 2013;34(5):e274-e281. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e31827a2be1

¹⁴Raut PK, et al. Thymoquinone induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis through downregulation of Jak2/STAT3 signaling pathway in human melanoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021;157:112604. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112604

¹⁵He P, et al. Thymoquinone induces apoptosis and protective autophagy in gastric cancer cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Phytother Res. 2023;37(8):3467-3480. doi:10.1002/ptr.7820

^16,17Fallah Huseini H, et al. [E]ffect of Nigella sativa L. seed oil in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research : PTR vol. 27,12 (2013): 1849-53. doi:10.1002/ptr.4944

Article Summary:

• Carotenoids, vitamins C, D, and E, curcumin, and omega-3 fatty acids are some of the key ingredients in respiratory health supplements. 
• Phytocompounds derived from eucalyptus, peppermint, pine bark extract, fenugreek, turpentine tree extract, and guaiac wood oil extract promote respiratory health.*
• The proprietary nutrient delivery nanotechnology developed by Tesseract Medical Research enables optimal absorption of these phytocompounds to support optimal respiratory function.

The World Health Organization considers air pollution the most significant environmental health risk factor globally.¹ Inhalation of  air pollutants irritates the airways and triggers or aggravates health conditions that adversely affect the lungs, heart, kidneys, nervous system, and digestive system. 

The detrimental impact of air pollutants on the respiratory system is well documented. Exposure to altered oxygen tension andair pollutants can induce  oxidative stress in the lungs, triggering oxidase activation, lipid peroxidation, and cellular degradation. Strengthening the body’s defenses and enhancing the body’s antioxidant capacity can minimize the adverse effects of oxidative stress on respiratory health.*

Below, we discuss the role of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other key nutrients in promoting lung health, and how to determine the best respiratory supplements.   

What are the Best Respiratory Supplements? 

In recent years, the role of various vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants in promoting pulmonary health has been extensively researched. Several studies^2,3,4 suggest that carotenoids, vitamins C, D, and E, curcumin, and omega-3 fatty acids can limit the negative effects of oxidative stress on respiratory health.* The following table highlights the benefits of some of the best ingredients used in respiratory health supplement formulations. 

Health Benefits of Respiratory Health Supplements
Respiratory Supplement Ingredients	Health Benefits
Carotenoids	Carotenoids are lipid-soluble antioxidants that5 protect the lungs from oxidative stress by scavenging superoxide anions and peroxyl radicals.*
Vitamin C	A vitamin C deficiency is associated with an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. Vitamin C’s antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects support healthy lung function.*
Vitamin D	Vitamin D6 down-regulates adverse inflammatory responses and enhances innate defense mechanisms against respiratory pathogens.*
Vitamin E	Vitamin E is an antioxidant that limits7 the peroxidation of lipid molecules and counters oxidative stress to protect pulmonary function.*
Omega-3 Fatty Acids	Higher omega-3 fatty acid levels are linked to enhanced lung function and a lower likelihood of restricted airflow from the lungs.*

What are the Best Ingredients in Respiratory Health Supplements? 

Several plant-derived natural compounds of different classes, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, lignans, polyphenols, and glycosides, are known to benefit respiratory health.* Most phytocompounds target cell signaling pathways, including NF-κB, to mitigate oxidative stress, down-regulate adverse immune reactions, maintain the body’s natural inflammatory responses, and promote healthy metabolic regulation.*  

The following are some of the best plant-derived ingredients to look for when choosing a respiratory health supplement. 

• Eucalyptus: Cineole (also known as Eucalyptol), is present in eucalyptus essential oils and known to help lessen nose and chest congestion by thinning and expelling mucus to clear airways.*

• Peppermint: Menthol, the primary component of peppermint oil, helps clear nasal passages by loosening excess mucus accumulation.* 

• Pine bark extract: Pine bark extracts contain polyphenols (phenolic acids) and flavonoids (catechins and procyanidins) with potent antioxidant activities for supporting optimal lung health.*

• Guaiac wood oil extract: Guaiac wood oil is extracted from the Bulnesia Sarmiento tree and contains nutrients, such as guaiol, that lessen the harmful effects of oxidative stress on lung cells.*

• Fenugreek: Extracts of fenugreek seeds contain multiple beneficial compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, unsaturated fatty acids, alkaloids, mucilage, vitamins, minerals, and lipids. Fenugreek seed extract exerts antioxidant functions to help maintain healthy inflammatory responses in the respiratory system.*

• Turpentine tree extract: Turpentine tree extracts contain isoprenoids or terpenoids with antioxidant potential that protect lung cells from oxidative stress.* 

What are the Features of the Best Respiratory Supplements? 

When you are considering the best respiratory supplements, you should look for the following:

• Proven ingredients: A respiratory health supplement formulation should contain proven and potent ingredients that enhance healthy lung function. 

• Targeted delivery: An advanced nutrient delivery system ensures targeted delivery of the supplement’s active nutrients. 

• Enhanced absorption: Targeted delivery of the supplement’s active nutrients at the desired point in the intestinal tract enables optimal absorption, thereby enhancing the supplement’s efficacy.  

MuSolve SR®, developed by Tesseract Medical Research, is a leading supplement for respiratory health.* It features a potent blend of isolated extracts of terpenes and oils from eucalyptus, pine bark, peppermint, fenugreek, turpentine tree, and guaiac wood. This mucus-resolving supplement utilizes Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® —DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology that achieves the targeted absorption of its nutrients. The advanced absorption of MuSolve SR’s active nutrients provides nutritional support to individuals who are experiencing compromised respiratory function.* 

Citations:

¹Goshua A, Akdis CA, Nadeau KC. World Health Organization global air quality guideline recommendations: Executive summary. Allergy. 2022;77(7):1955-1960. doi:10.1111/all.15224

²Whyand T, et al. Pollution and respiratory disease: can diet or supplements help? A review.” Respiratory Research vol. 19,1 79. 2 May. 2018, doi:10.1186/s12931-018-0785-0

³Romieu I. Nutrition and lung health. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9(4):362-374.

⁴Kim JS,  et al. Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by curcumin… BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):101. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02886-8