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Learn everything about anandamide, the body’s own cannabinoid that supports multiple health functions, including cardiovascular and neurological health.* Get all the answers to your questions about this ‘bliss molecule’, its potential therapeutic benefits, and why you should select a nano-formulated anandamide supplement. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page.
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) in our body consists of a group of neuromodulatory lipids that influence emotional processing. The key components of the ECS are —
Chemically, anandamide is arachidonyl-ethanolamide (AEA), a lipid-based neurotransmitter that binds to the cannabinoid receptors in different regions of the body and brain.
Apart from being an integral part of the body’s ECS, anandamide is found in high concentrations in food sources such as cocoa beans and truffles.
Several studies show that anandamide displays psychoactive properties, exerting an overall modulatory effect on the brain reward circuitry, thereby supporting mental and emotional health.* The name anandamide is derived from the Sanskrit word Ananda, which means “bliss” because the molecule plays a role in influencing the activities of the feel-good hormones in the brain — dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, and endorphins. It has also been known to support cardiovascular health, acting as a stress response system to limit damage to cardiac tissues due to certain pathologies.*
The following table lists the potential therapeutic benefits of anandamide in the human body.*
| System | Therapeutic Applications |
| Brain Health | Binds to CB1 receptors that have been found to induce dopamine release in the brain, thereby creating a sense of temporary pleasure*Participates in maintaining serotonin levels to beneficially influence stress-related behaviors*Modulates vigilance states and influences sleep cycles*Influences the release of endorphins, thereby stimulating the sense of well-being reported by endurance athletes* |
| Heart Health | Induces vasodilation — the widening of pulmonary arteries and other blood vessels, to support a healthy heart* |
| Gastrointestinal Health | Initiates and modulates positive appetitive behavior in animals and humans by stimulating CB1 receptors* |
| Immune Health | Supports healthy immune responses in the gut and the pancreas* |
Research studies establish that a suboptimal level of anandamide can adversely affect behavior and emotional health, influencing the ability to cope with stress and anxiety (non-GAD).* The following are some of the factors that can impact the anandamide level in the body:
Although cocoa beans and truffles are some of the most popular anandamide-rich food sources, other dietary sources contain compounds, such as flavonoids and fatty acids (arachidonic acid), that act as precursors to anandamide production in the body. Although anandamide is endogenously produced, including these food sources in your diet can enhance the level of anandamide in the body. The following table highlights some anandamide-rich foods that support neurological and cardiovascular health.
| A List of Anandamide-Rich Foods | ||
| Category | Compound | Sources |
| Vegetables and fruits | Kaempferol | Kale, cabbage, green beans, cucumber, squash, tomatoes, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts Berries, apples, grapes, citrus fruits, peaches, and grapefruit |
| Proteins | Arachidonic acid | Meat, fish, seafood, and eggs |
| Spices and herbs | Guineensine and kaempferol | Black pepper, long pepper, dill, chives, saffron, and tarragon |
| Beverages | Kaempferol | Tea (green and black Kenyan tea) |
| Chocolate | Anandamide | Less processed chocolate without sugar, dark chocolate |
| Truffles | Anandamide and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes | Winter black truffle |
You might wonder if your body really needs an anandamide supplement when you endogenously produce the ‘bliss’ molecule and your diet consists of anandamide-rich foods. The following are indications for taking an anandamide supplement:
Although anandamide is a cannabinoid, does that mean it is the same as Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)? Plant-derived cannabinoids such as THC also activate cannabinoid receptors and interact directly with the same CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, thus mimicking anandamide functions. CBD, on the other hand, works indirectly with CB1 receptors to enhance endogenous anandamide signaling. CBD also modulates the production of the FAAH enzyme, thereby inhibiting anandamide degradation.
The following table highlights the differences between anandamide and CBD.
| Anandamide versus CBD | |||
| Anandamide | CBD | ||
| Origin | Anandamide is an endogenous cannabinoid (produced in the body). | CBD is a plant-derived cannabinoid. | |
| Interactions With CB Receptors | Anandamide primarily binds to and activates the CB1 receptors.* | CBD displays a low affinity to CB1 receptors. | |
| Use as a nutritional supplement | Anandamide supplements are a suitable alternative to CBD to support brain health and overall well-being.* | The use of CBD products as nutritional supplements or food additives is much debated. | |
The efficacy of an anandamide supplement depends on its absorption in the body. Although anandamide has attractive pharmacological effects, its unfavorable physico-chemical properties pose a significant challenge during the development and storage of supplement formulations, as well as their absorption in the body. The efficacy of an anandamide supplement is hindered by the following:
Anandamide molecules encapsulated in nanocarriers have been found4 to be more easily absorbed across the gut wall, making them a therapeutic reality.
A clinical study5 has highlighted that anandamide intake in significantly higher amounts (3 mg/kg) produces anxiogenic or anxiety-inducing effects. Research also shows6 that the overstimulation of CB1 receptors can disrupt the brain’s reward circuitry, resulting in unhealthy dietary patterns and subsequent weight gain.
Consult with your healthcare provider if you are experiencing signs of anandamide deficiency and need to include an anandamide supplement in your diet.
There is limited data on the potential contraindications of anandamide with prescription medications. It is always recommended to consult with your healthcare provider before taking an anandamide supplement with a prescription medication.
In general, the absorption of the active nutrients in any supplement formulation determines the efficacy of the supplement.
Tesseract Medical Research’s AnaQuell® is an innovative supplement formulation that supports the body’s natural response to stress.* The combination of anandamide and L-citrulline in the proprietary complex supports a healthy response to mood changes and mild non-GAD anxiety.* The addition of L-citrulline to the complex supports NO production, thereby enhancing blood flow and promoting cardiovascular health.*
The revolutionary CyLoc® – DexKey® technology is a nanomolecular nutrient delivery system that solubilizes anandamide, enabling its unprecedented absorption across the gut wall.* The enhanced bioavailability of anandamide molecules allows for micro-dosing of the formulation to support overall health and wellness.*
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing of multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s products can support your neurological and cardiovascular health.*
Citations
1Morena M, Patel S, Bains JS, Hill MN. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016 Jan;41(1):80-102. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.166. Epub 2015 Jun 12. PMID: 26068727; PMCID: PMC4677118.
2Maccarrone M, Valverde O, Barbaccia ML, et al. Eur J Neurosci 2002 Apr;15(7):1178-1186. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01957.x. PMID: 11982628.
3Signorello MG, Giacobbe E, Passalacqua M, Leoncini G. J Cell Biochem 2011 Mar;112(3):924-932. doi: 10.1002/jcb.23008. PMID: 21328466.
4Martín Giménez VM, Russo MG, Narda GE, et al. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020 Feb;14(1):86-93. doi: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0108. PMID: 31935683; PMCID: PMC8676047.
5Scherma M, Medalie J, Fratta W, et al. Neuropharmacology 2008 Jan;54(1):129-140. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.08.011. Epub 2007 Aug 19. PMID: 17904589; PMCID: PMC2213536.
6Yagin NL, Hajjarzadeh S, Aliasgharzadeh S, et al. Lipids Health Dis 2020 Jul 6;19(1):161. doi: 10.1186/s12944-020-01341-4. PMID: 32631352; PMCID: PMC7339382.
Quercetin has been traditionally used across different cultures for its recognized health benefits. Its presence in various fruits, vegetables, and other common food sources makes it an inseparable component of a healthy diet. So why would you need a quercetin supplement? Read on to learn everything about this plant-derived compound as a supplement and how it can support your health and wellness. Use the links below to jump to specific related topics on the page.
Quercetin is a flavonoid — a class of phytonutrients found naturally in various fruits and vegetables that are known to resist free radicals in the body. Quercetin and its derivatives do this by exerting their biological activity on cell cycle progression and signaling pathways.* The antioxidant properties of quercetin and its role in maintaining the body’s natural inflammatory response make it a novel nutritional supplement that supports various health functions.* Quercetin is abundant in a variety of foods, including berries, apples, grapes, tomatoes, onions, shallots, cruciferous vegetables, nuts, seeds, and tea. The estimated flavonoid intake in a healthy diet is 50 – 800 mg/day (quercetin accounts for 75%). However, because the dietary intake of quercetin varies, a quercetin supplement helps fill the nutritional gaps, if any.
Quercetin is a flavonoid — a class of phytonutrients found naturally in various fruits and vegetables that are known to resist free radicals in the body. Quercetin and its derivatives do this by exerting their biological activity on cell cycle progression and signaling pathways.* The antioxidant properties of quercetin and its role in maintaining the body’s natural inflammatory response make it a novel nutritional supplement that supports various health functions.*
Quercetin is abundant in a variety of foods, including berries, apples, grapes, tomatoes, onions, shallots, cruciferous vegetables, nuts, seeds, and tea. The estimated flavonoid intake in a healthy diet is 50 – 800 mg/day (quercetin accounts for 75%). However, because the dietary intake of quercetin varies, a quercetin supplement helps fill the nutritional gaps, if any.
Quercetin accounts for 75% of daily estimated flavonoid intake in a balanced diet
Research1 has established that quercetin exerts beneficial antioxidant effects on the body through:
Quercetin’s immunomodulatory effects2 are attributed to its role in:
The beneficial antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of quercetin contribute to its immense therapeutic potential to promote sleep, cardiovascular health, renal health, immune health, and skin health.*
| How Does Berberine Support Endocrine Health? | |
| Health Function | Therapeutic Applications |
| Heart* | |
| Kidney* | |
| Immune Function* | |
| Skin* | |
| Brain* | |
| Gastrointestinal System* | |
Quercetin is available in different forms — as glycoside, sulfate, glucuronide, and methylated quercetin. Chemically, free quercetin (C15H10O7) lacks an attached sugar or glycosyl group. The attachment of a glycosyl group to quercetin glucoside makes it more soluble in water and enhances its absorption. Nutritional quercetin in plant sources is mainly present in the form of glycoside.
Although quercetin glucoside is relatively more soluble than other quercetin forms, its bioavailability is still relatively low.
The estimated absorption of quercetin glucoside ranges from 3% – 17% in healthy individuals.3
The relatively poor absorption and bioavailability of quercetin is addressed through quercetin formulations that can enhance its bioefficacy. The following table highlights the difference between the efficacy of formulated versus unformulated quercetin.
| Formulated versus Unformulated Quercetin |
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Quercetin supplements are commercially available in oral, intravenous, intranasal, and topical forms. The different delivery routes of quercetin intake are intended to maximize its absorption in the body. The following table highlights the types of quercetin nutrition supplements and their applications
| Types of Quercetin Supplements | |||
| Oral | Intravenous | Intranasal | Topical |
| Available in powder, tablet, and capsule forms. | Available in IV drip form. | Available in nasal spray and liquid drop form. | Available in gel, ointment, cream, and lotion form. |
| Used to support multiple health functions, including cardiovascular health and immune health.* | Used to modulate mast cell activation and address adverse immune responses. | Used to limit the release of histamine from immune cells to maintain a natural inflammatory response. | Used to address inflammation associated with bruises, wounds, and swelling. |
Nutrient delivery systems for quercetin supplements are designed to enclose a significant amount of the compound to protect it against chemical degradation during processing and storage and release it at a controlled rate and in a particular region of the gastrointestinal tract. Many forms of quercetin supplements are ineffective at doing this due to the following:
Innovative approaches to increase the bioavailability of quercetin aim to limit its hydrophobicity. Several nanoformulations overcome quercetin’s poor bioavailability by enhancing its absorption at the desired site of action. Some of the common nano-delivery technologies that can enhance quercetin’s bioavailability include:
Research5 show that quercetin intake up to 500 mg twice a day for 12 weeks has mild to no symptoms of overdose. However, the appropriate daily use of quercetin on specific health needs should be determined by consulting with your healthcare provider to determine the best daily quercetin usage for you.
Although quercetin is generally considered safe and adverse side effects are rarely reported, the effects of its intake at or above one gram daily for longer than 12 weeks are yet to be determined.
A quercetin supplement might interact with certain medications. Consult with your healthcare practitioner to know more about potential contraindications before including a quercetin supplement in your diet or taking it with a prescription medication.
The enhanced bioavailability of quercetin enables it to have increased absorption in the body. Tesseract Medical Research’s QuerciSorb Immuphore SR® is an innovative nanoformulated quercetin supplement that contains other nutrients, including vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc, to support immune health.* Tesseract’s QuerciSorb® – SR/QR is another supplement nanoformulation that features bioactive quercetin to promote cardiovascular health.* Both supplements are formulated using Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology, which enhancessolubility and absorption to release individual quercetin molecules throughout the intestinal tract for optimal bioavailability. The result is maximum absorption and effectiveness for each quercetin molecule, making quercetin’s use a bioavailable therapeutic reality to support your good health and wellness.*
The power of Tesseract nutritional supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing of multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s products can support your cardiovascular health.*
The power of Tesseract nutritional supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing of multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s products can support your cardiovascular health
Citations
1Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al. Eur J Nutr 2015 Mar;54(2):251-263. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z. Epub 2014 May 5. PMID: 24791752.
2Sinha R, Sinha I, Calcagnotto A, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018 Jan;72(1):105-111. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.132. Epub 2017 Aug 30. PMID: 28853742; PMCID: PMC6389332.
3Mischley LK, Vespignani MF, Finnell JS. J Altern Complement Med 2013 May;19(5):459-463. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0673. Epub 2012 Dec 16. PMID: 23240940; PMCID: PMC3651682.
The role of butyrate (also known as butyric acid) in gut health is significant because it contributes 60 – 70 percent of the energy required by the cells of the colon (colonocytes). Although butyrate is the least abundant short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by the bacteria in the large intestine, it is still the ‘energy powerhouse’ for colon cells, as well as providing several therapeutic benefits, including supporting your gastrointestinal and neurological health.*
But what happens when your body has a low level of this essential SCFA? A clinical study1 indicates that a low level of butyrate is associated with —
Although butyrate is endogenously produced in the body, several factors can contribute to a low level of butyrate, including:
So, how to increase the level of butyrate in your body? Depleted levels of butyric acid in the body can be enhanced through a butyrate-rich diet, butyrate supplements, or both.
Bacteria in the gut microbiome ferment undigested fiber in the diet and produce SCFAs, including butyric acid. Including high-fiber foods, such as fruits and vegetables, dried legumes, whole grains, nuts and seeds, and dairy products in your diet is a natural way to increase the level of butyrate in the body.
However, a butyrate-rich diet alone might not be sufficient to enhance a depleted butyric acid level in the body. Some individuals might find it difficult to consume and tolerate the amount of fiber needed to produce a desired level of butyrate. A suitable alternative under such conditions is a butyrate supplement.
The following table highlights the recommended amount of butyrate intake through diet and supplements and the challenges associated with each route
|
Butyrate-Rich Diet |
Butyrate Supplements | |
|
Recommended intake of fiber |
25 g per day |
150 – 300 mg per day |
|
Challenges |
Patient tolerance to the recommended amount of fiber required to produce the desired level of butyrate. |
Unpalatable taste and odor, and quick absorption of a butyrate supplement in the intestine. |
Most commercially available butyric acid supplements contain butyrate mineral salts that emit the distinctively foul smell of butyric acid on contact with the slightest amount of moisture. The distinctive odor and taste of butyrate pose a significant challenge to patient compliance. Furthermore, the quick absorption of butyric acid in the upper segment of the gastrointestinal tract hinders its efficacy.
So, how to best increase the level of butyrate? Several innovative approaches have been implemented that enhance the bioavailability and absorption of butyric acid supplements, including using nutrient delivery nanotechnology to encapsulate butyric acid molecules.
ProButyrate®, an advanced butyric acid formulation developed by Tesseract Medical Research, utilizes the proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology that enables the unprecedented absorption of billions of butyric acid molecules. The CyLoc® technology encapsulates individual butyrate molecules in a dextrin carrier to ensure integrity and palatability. The accompanying DexKey® technology acts as a release agent to each CyLoc® molecule, deploying them at the desired point in the intestinal tract. The sustained release of the hypoallergenic formulation promotes a healthy gastrointestinal environment.*
Tesseract’s AuRx® is a gold-standard medical food, providing nutritional support to counter the gut-brain nutrient imbalance associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The palatable-tasting powder consists of a stabilized butyric acid complex that addresses the specific nutritional requirements of autistic children. The proprietary nutrient delivery technology enhances the absorption of butyrate, making it possible to promote positive behavioral changes in ASD children and support their neurological health.
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing of multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s supplements support your gastrointestinal and neurological. health*
Citations
1Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al. Eur J Nutr 2015 Mar;54(2):251-263. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z. Epub 2014 May 5. PMID: 24791752.
2Sinha R, Sinha I, Calcagnotto A, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018 Jan;72(1):105-111. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.132. Epub 2017 Aug 30. PMID: 28853742; PMCID: PMC6389332.
3Mischley LK, Vespignani MF, Finnell JS. J Altern Complement Med 2013 May;19(5):459-463. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0673. Epub 2012 Dec 16. PMID: 23240940; PMCID: PMC3651682.
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Both berberine and inositol are known for their therapeutic benefits on endocrine health.* Both are considered safe when taken as nutritional supplements, with mild or infrequent side effects. But berberine and inositol—which one of these have superior health benefits? Get the answers to common about these two nutrients, how they support endocrine health,* and ways to incorporate them into your diet. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on this page.
Berberine is a nitrogenous compound extracted from the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of barberry and similar trees of the barberry family, including tree turmeric, yellowroot, Oregon grape, Californian poppy, and goldenseal. Berberine’s antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties support glucose and lipid metabolism, liver detoxification, and weight management.*
Chemically, myo-inositol or inositol is a cyclic carbohydrate molecule with six hydroxyl groups. For a long time, it was mistakenly thought to be vitamin B8. Inositol is formed from glucose and is produced naturally by various organs in the body, including the kidneys, liver, and brain. Inositol serves as the structural base of many hormonal secondary messengers, thereby supporting, among other things, normal cell growth, insulin signaling, and reproductive health.
The therapeutic benefits of berberine are attributed to its antioxidative properties and its ability to help maintain the body’s natural inflammatory response.* In addition, berberine’s benefits in promoting insulin homeostasis and healthy lipid profiles support a wide range of endocrine health functions.* The following table highlights how berberine benefits the body’s endocrine system.*
| How Does Berberine Support Endocrine Health? | |
| Lipid Metabolism |
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| Glucose Metabolism |
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| Liver Detoxification |
|
| Reproductive Health |
|
| Weight Management |
|
Chemically, myo-inositol or inositol is a cyclic carbohydrate molecule with six hydroxyl groups. For a long time, it was mistakenly thought to be vitamin B8. Inositol is formed from glucose and is produced naturally by various organs in the body, including the kidneys, liver, and brain. Inositol serves as the structural base of many hormonal secondary messengers, thereby supporting, among other things, normal cell growth, insulin signaling, and reproductive health.
| How Does Inositol Support Endocrine Health? | |
| Glucose Metabolism |
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| Lipid Metabolism |
|
| Weight Management |
|
| Reproductive Health |
|
Berberine and inositol work through separate metabolic pathways to support endocrine organs and maintain the optimal hormone levels in the body.* Over-the-counter berberine and inositol nutritional supplements are widely used to provide nutritional support for insulin insensitivity issues arising due to certain health conditions. The following table highlights some of the key similarities and differences between berberine and inositol.
|
Berberine and Inositol: Similarities and Differences | ||
|
Berberine |
Inositol | |
|
Origin |
Roots, rhizomes, and stem barks of barberry, Oregon grape, tree turmeric, goldenseal, yellowroot, Californian poppy, and similar trees. |
All living cells contain inositol phospholipids in their cellular membranes. |
|
Benefits |
Both help maintain normal lipid and glucose profiles, which supports healthy weight management and positively influences endocrine health.* | |
|
Chemical composition |
Berberine (C20H18NO) is an alkaloid. |
Inositol (C6H12O6) is a sugar alcohol. |
|
Safety |
The safety profiles of berberine and inositol are well-established. However, minor side effects, such as upset stomach, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating might occur with taking a higher than recommended amount. | |
Research4 on the comparative efficacy of berberine and inositol in individuals having adverse reproductive conditions suggests that berberine has a greater potential to enhance lipid profile and hormone status, thereby benefiting endocrine functions.*
The efficacy of berberine supplementation is largely hindered by its poor absorption in the body. Berberine displays a poor absolute bioavailability of less than one percent owing to its extensive metabolism, followed by rapid efflux. Although Dihydroberberine (dhBBR)—a reduced form of berberine under the action of gut microbiota shows a higher intestinal absorption rate, dhBBR is unstable and is oxidized back to berberine in gastrointestinal tissues.
To address the absorption challenges of berberine, a majority of supplement formulations using conventional delivery methods use higher amounts of berberine chloride salt—a key ingredient of berberine supplements. However, the berberine chloride salt is intensely bitter and the inability to mask its taste in such formulations resulted in failed patient compliance.
The lipophobicity (fat-repelling property) of the berberine molecule hinders its crossing of the plasma membrane of intestinal cells. Novel formulations enhance the bioavailability of berberine through:
Because berberine and inositol are both insulin sensitizers, taking them simultaneously might drastically lower blood glucose levels, resulting in potential complications. Consult with your health-care provider before including both supplements in your diet simultaneously.
Although berberine is considered safe as an oral supplement, there is limited data about the effects of berberine in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with your health-care provider to evaluate the need for a berberine supplement in your diet when pregnant or breastfeeding.
Berberine might have side effects when taken along with a prescription medication for maintaining blood glucose levels, cholesterol levels, or blood thinning. Consult with your health-care provider before taking a berberine supplement with a prescription medication.
When considering a berberine supplement to include in your diet, consider factors such as enhanced palatability, bioavailability, and absorption in the body. Tesseract’s BerberActiv® is an innovative berberine nutritional supplement that uses nutrient delivery nanotechnology for optimal absorption of the active ingredient.
The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® technology enables the unprecedented absorption of billions of berberine molecules in the intestinal tract. The CyLoc® matrix encases each berberine molecule to mask its bitterness. The accompanying DexKey® reactors release the CyLoc® molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract. The enhanced absorption of berberine means you ingest a lesser amount of berberine than previously required, to achieve rapid physiological responses that support endocrine health functions.*
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing of multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s products can help support your neurological health and promote healthy aging.*
Citations
1Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al. Eur J Nutr 2015 Mar;54(2):251-263. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z. Epub 2014 May 5. PMID: 24791752.
2Sinha R, Sinha I, Calcagnotto A, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018 Jan;72(1):105-111. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.132. Epub 2017 Aug 30. PMID: 28853742; PMCID: PMC6389332.
3Mischley LK, Vespignani MF, Finnell JS. J Altern Complement Med 2013 May;19(5):459-463. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0673. Epub 2012 Dec 16. PMID: 23240940; PMCID: PMC3651682.
Glutathione is an endogenous tripeptide compound produced primarily in our liver and present in every cell in either reduced or oxidized form. Its critical role as a detoxifying agent and free radical scavenger makes it a master antioxidant.* The glutathione level can decrease in our body due to several factors, including aging, poor diet, lifestyle choices, and certain pathological conditions. This is when you likely need a glutathione supplement for assistance.
Get all the answers below regarding glutathione supplements, how glutathione supports various health functions, the types of glutathione supplements, the challenges of glutathione absorption in the body, and why certain glutathione supplement formulations work better than others. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page.
The liver is a major site for detoxification and the high concentrations of glutathione in the liver indicate the role of this antioxidant in scavenging harmful free radicals and facilitating their safe degradation.* Glutathione supports various health functions utilizing multiple biochemical pathways, including:
The following table summarizes some of the key health benefits of glutathione supplements to support your body.
Glutathione supplement types are based on the mode of delivery, including oral, intranasal, intravenous/ intramuscular, and nebulous. Glutathione is conventionally recognized as a difficult-to-absorb molecule, and various delivery approaches are aimed at enhancing its bioavailability and absorption. The following table summarizes the different delivery routes of commercially available glutathione.
| Types of Glutathione Supplements | |||
| Delivery Route | Pros | Cons | |
| Oral Glutathione | Easy delivery, cost-effective | Rapid absorption in the intestine, resulting in low bioavailability | |
| Intranasal Glutathione | Non-invasive, easy to use, might bypass the blood-brain barrier to slow glutathione degradation | Nasal congestion, along with the large molecular size, can interfere with the delivery of glutathione | |
| Intravenous/ Intramuscular Glutathione | Bypasses glutathione dilution in the GI tract, leading to enhanced efficacy under certain conditions | Expensive, requires medical supervision; might be incompatible with specific health conditions. | |
| Nebulous Glutathione | Clinical trials have established this route as an adjunct therapy for certain respiratory conditions | Limited data on the advantages of this delivery method over other routes | |
Oral delivery is the most common delivery method of glutathione supplementation. However, it is not the most effective method for glutathione absorption. Intestinal enzymes break down glutathione, resulting in its rapid absorption, metabolism, and elimination from the body.
Nevertheless, the majority of research studying glutathione’s bioavailability and absorption is based on oral supplements. The following table highlights some of the clinical studies establishing the efficacy of oral glutathione supplements.
| Effects of Oral Glutathione Supplements | |
| Effects of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione: A clinical study1 analyzing the effects of oral glutathione supplementation over a period of six months showed that the daily consumption of glutathione supplements enhances the body’s stores of glutathione.* | |
| Effects of liposomal glutathione on the immune system: A pilot clinical study2 evaluating the effect of liposomal glutathione found that daily liposomal glutathione intake elevated it level in the body, positively influencing immune function and addressing oxidative stress levels.* |
Because glutathione is rapidly degraded in the stomach, only a small amount of glutathione typically reaches the cells where it is needed. The following table highlights the unfavorable conditions in the GI environment that hinder the absorption of glutathione supplements.
| Why is glutathione not easily absorbed? | |
| Primary absorption in upper jejunum: Glutathione is mostly absorbed in the upper jejunum of the small intestine, where the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) breaks it down. While it helps synthesize glutathione at the intracellular level, it also limits the intact absorption of glutathione from an oral supplement. | |
| Hydrolysis by the intestinal enzyme: The enzyme GGT dilutes glutathione, resulting in a low glutathione level in the blood, even after a high intake of an oral supplement. | |
| Elimination of circulating glutathione: Circulating glutathione undergoes degradation in the kidney and is eliminated from the body. |
Glutathione supplements are generally considered safe when taken orally with no adverse side effects. Infrequent and mild side effects might include abdominal cramping, bloating, and stomach upset. A safety survey3 of intranasal glutathione highlighted the mild side effects, including irritation of nasal passages and headaches. Intravenous glutathione can cause redness, itching, and irritation at the injection site.
However, it is worth noting that most clinical studies have analyzed the safety of glutathione up to 500 mg daily for up to two months. Therefore, the data on the safety of prolonged glutathione usage is limited. There is also limited information about the potential contraindications of glutathione with prescription medications and its safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding. This is why it is always recommended to consult with your healthcare provider before including a glutathione supplement in your diet.
Various approaches to glutathione absorption aim at avoiding the breakdown of glutathione molecules by intestinal enzymes and the resulting structural alterations of glutathione in an oral delivery module. Novel glutathione supplement formulations enhance the bioavailability of glutathione through:
There is limited data on the safety and efficacy of glutathione supplementation during pregnancy or breastfeeding. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, then consult with your healthcare provider before including a glutathione supplement in your diet.
There is limited data on the potential contraindications of glutathione with prescription medicines. It is always recommended to consult with your healthcare provider before taking a glutathione supplement with any prescription medicine.
The bioefficacy of an oral glutathione supplement formulation is determined by its bioavailability and absorption of the active ingredient in the body.
Tesseract Medical Research’s SafeCell® is an S-Acetyl-Glutathione complex formulated for optimal bioavailability and absorption. The supplement formulation is suitable for daily use and enhances the efficacy of glutathione therapy. Tesseract’s oral supplement transcends the common absorption challenges of glutathione with its proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery technology.
The nanomolecular nutrient delivery technology delivers billions of molecules of acetylated glutathione directly into the intestinal tract — one at a time. Each glutathione molecule is encased by the CyLoc® technology to protect it from early degradation during its transit through the GI tract. The DexKey® technology ensures targeted delivery of each molecule at the desired point in the intestinal tract for maximum absorption. Unprecedented glutathione absorption allows for micro-dosing — the intake of glutathione in lesser amounts than previously required to achieve therapeutic benefits and support health functions.*
Tesseract Medical Research is committed to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). We utilize the most appropriate and scientifically advanced analytical techniques, along with a well-designed quality control system, to develop the finest-quality supplements.
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing of multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s products can help support your neurological health and promote healthy aging.*
Citations
1Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al. Eur J Nutr 2015 Mar;54(2):251-263. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z. Epub 2014 May 5. PMID: 24791752.
2Sinha R, Sinha I, Calcagnotto A, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018 Jan;72(1):105-111. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.132. Epub 2017 Aug 30. PMID: 28853742; PMCID: PMC6389332.
3Mischley LK, Vespignani MF, Finnell JS. J Altern Complement Med 2013 May;19(5):459-463. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0673. Epub 2012 Dec 16. PMID: 23240940; PMCID: PMC3651682.
Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 (or CoQ10) is the third-most consumed dietary supplement worldwide. CoQ10 supplements are well-tolerated with only infrequent and mild side effects reported. Oral supplements are available in the form of sprays, tablets, softgel capsules, and hard-shell capsules containing 30-600 mg of CoQ10.
With its fundamental role in cellular energy production and its powerful antioxidant benefits, CoQ10 supplementation has received significant interest over the years.* Multiple research studies have established the positive effects of CoQ10 supplementation in supporting a wide range of health functions.*
Although CoQ10 is present naturally in the body, its level depletes gradually as we age. But is CoQ10 supplementation necessary for optimal health? Read more to find out when a CoQ10 supplement is indicated..
The body’s natural level of CoQ10 can deplete due to several reasons, including aging, certain pathological conditions, intake of certain medications, or genetic predisposition. Although consuming CoQ10-rich foods, such as organ meat, fatty fish, cruciferous vegetables, and nuts and seeds helps increase the CoQ10 level in your body, it might be insufficient for restoring depleted CoQ10 levels. In any of these situations, CoQ10 supplementation may be beneficial. The following table highlights when a CoQ10 supplement should be included in your diet.
| When a CoQ10 Supplement Is Necessary | |
| To address CoQ10 deficiency symptoms | A low level of CoQ10 translates to low amounts of cellular energy, which can lead to deficiency symptoms, including tiredness, exercise intolerance, hearing loss, reduced eyesight, and cognitive impairment. A CoQ10 supplement can help counter such deficiency symptoms. |
| To support heart health* | The antioxidant properties of CoQ10 play a potential role in supporting the optimal functioning of the heart.* |
| To address the side effects of statin medications* | Statins are a class of drugs that lower the level of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, statin medications are known to deplete CoQ10 in muscle tissue and in the bloodstream, leading to weakness and muscle aches or myopathy. CoQ10 supplementation can help counter1 these side effects of statins. |
| To support reproductive health* | Oxidative stress is associated with age-related decline in fertility in females. CoQ10 supplementation has been found to play a potential role in supporting female reproductive health, especially in enhancing oocyte quality and supporting the development of normal ovarian follicles.* |
| To maintain healthy skin* | CoQ10 supplementation promotes healthy skin by reducing oxidative stress in skin cells, particularly the dermis layer of the skin.* |
| To support immune health* | CoQ10 exerts beneficial effects on immune function by providing cellular energy to enhance immune function and by maintaining the body’s natural inflammatory response.* |
As a fat-soluble molecule, CoQ10 is better absorbed when taken with a fatty meal. However, its relatively high molecular weight, insolubility in water, and limited solubility in lipids still impacts its intestinal permeability. As a result, a considerably high amount of CoQ10 needs to be ingested for the desired therapeutic effects. Supplement formulations, particularly nanoformulations, address the absorption challenges of CoQ10.
Before including a CoQ10 supplement in your diet, it is worth noting that not all CoQ10 supplements are formulated the same. The delivery process of nano-formulated CoQ10 supplements has been found to be superior to most other oral formulations that feature only uncomplexed CoQ10.
Tesseract’s CoQ10 Pro® is an innovative CoQ10 nutritional supplement developed for unprecedented absorption and bioavailability. The proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology ensures the maximum solubility and bioavailability of billions of CoQ10 molecules in the intestinal tract, one molecule at a time. The CyLoc® technology encases the individual CoQ10 molecules in its smart delivery system, while the DexKey® reactors release each molecule at the desired point in the intestinal tract for maximum absorption. The enhanced absorption of CoQ10 molecules means micro-dosing — intake of relatively lower amounts of CoQ10 than previously required — to support optimal health functions.*
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in the proprietary science of proven nutrients and unrivaled smart delivery, making them the most effective for supporting cardiovascular health.*
Citations:
1Dohlmann TL, et al. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,9:1698. 29 Aug. 2022, doi:10.3390/antiox11091698
Remove citation title to avoid making claims. Also, only one reference cited for all of this information?
Have you ever come across the tart, red berries of the Berberis vulgaris plant? Known as barberries, these have been used for centuries for their therapeutic benefits. One of the key compounds of barberry is berberine, an antioxidant that is known to help maintain the body’s natural inflammatory responses, as well as supporting various other health functions in the body.*
But is it safe to include a berberine supplement in your diet? What are the health benefits of berberine? Are there any side effects of taking berberine? Get all the answers to common queries about berberine’s pros and cons, different berberine supplement forms, and how to determine the efficacy of a berberine supplement. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page.
Berberine is a bioactive alkaloid — a class of nitrogenous organic compounds of plant origin. Berberine is found in the roots, rhizomes, stems, and barks of barberry, tree turmeric, Oregon grape, Californian poppy, yellowroot, and similar trees. The therapeutic effects of berberine have been found to mitigate oxidative stress and down-regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines that can cause unbalanced inflammatory responses.*
The antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties of berberine are attributed to its role in activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)—an enzyme that regulates energy metabolism.* AMPK activation is further associated with promoting lipid and glucose metabolism and addressing energy imbalances to support a wide range of health functions.*
| System | Beneficial Applications |
| Endocrine Health* | Berberine’s glucose support properties promote normal glucose metabolism, including promoting insulin secretion, moderating intestinal absorption of glucose, and modulating gut microbiota.* Learn more about the potential benefits of berberine for nutritional support in diabetes and how research supports berberine’s benefits for resisting insulin resistance* |
| Immune Health* | Berberine exerts its positive immuno-modulatory effects through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory T-helper cells that are critical for adaptive immune responses.* Learn more about ‘Berberine vs Turmeric: Which is Right for You?’ |
| Hepatic Health* | In addition to AMPK signaling, berberine beneficially influences insulin pathway and hepatic lipid transportation, which can decrease glucose generation from non-carbohydrate precursors, and ammonia detoxification in the liver.* Learn more about ‘Berberine’s Liver Detox Benefits’. |
| Neuro-Hormonal System* | Berberine benefits exercise-induced exhaustion and helps limit muscle damage incurred during exercise.* Learn more about why using berberine in a weight management program can help individuals improve their overall health.* |
Berberine has been traditionally used to address various health conditions and is generally considered safe and well-tolerated. However, the delivery route (type of formulation) and the duration of intake of berberine might cause certain side effects. The following table highlights some of the common side effects associated with taking berberine.
| Berberine Side Effects | |
| Gastrointestinal side effects: Taking a berberine supplement might cause side effects such as constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, and stomach pain. | |
| Potential risk of low glucose level: Prolonged intake of a berberine supplement in high doses might lead to a significant drop in blood glucose levels. | |
| Contraindications: Because berberine exerts inhibitory effects on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes1 that play an important role in detoxification, cellular metabolism, and homeostasis, taking a berberine supplement along with drugs that metabolize CYP enzymes could result in contraindications. |
Also, it should be noted that there is limited data available about the potential effects of taking a berberine supplement on pregnant and breastfeeding women, and infants.
Due to berberine’s side effects and potential contraindications, it is always recommended to consult with your healthcare practitioner before taking a berberine supplement. The following table highlights some of berberine’s pros and cons and its role in supporting various health functions.*
| Berberine Pros and Cons | ||
| Berberine Pros | Berberine Cons | |
| Gastrointestinal health* | Berberine promotes gut microbiota, particularly short-chain fatty acid (FCSA)-producing bacteria.* | Side effects of berberine supplements can include diarrhea, constipation, and flatulence. |
| Endocrine health* | Berberine promotes glucose metabolism.* | Prolonged usage of a berberine supplement might be associated with a drop in normal blood glucose levels. |
| Cardiovascular health* | Berberine supports normal lipid metabolism, which can lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and promote cardiovascular health.* | Intake of berberine supplements in high amounts has been associated2 with low blood pressure. |
Berberine is not an appetite suppressant. Please consult with your health-care provider before taking berberine for appetite suppression or weight management.
However, berberine might play a potential role in down-regulating appetite that can be linked to:
As a commercially available nutritional supplement, berberine is available in the form of tablets, capsules, topical gels, fluid extracts, etc. Although berberine is available in different chemical forms, including berberine sulfate, berberine citrate, and berberine hydrochloride, berberine displays natural poor absorption with an absolute bioavailability as low as 0.68 percent. However, the reduced derivative of berberine—dihydroberberine (dhBBR), produced by the gut microbiota under the activity of the enzyme nitroreductases, displays a 5-fold greater intestinal absorption rate than berberine.
Given berberine’s pros and cons, you might wonder whether you really need a berberine supplement. The antioxidant properties of berberine and its role in helping to maintain the body’s natural inflammatory responses help address several pathological conditions.* Various clinical studies have established the beneficial effects of berberine in promoting various health functions, including endocrine health, immune health, and cardiovascular health.*
Furthermore, nutritional supplements containing formulated berberine display enhanced efficacy than unformulated berberine. The following table highlights the need for a berberine supplement in your diet to promote your overall health.*
| Why Do You Need A Berberine Supplement? | ||
| For enhanced bioavailability: Berberine undergoes extensive metabolism and rapid efflux that results in its poor bioavailability. Nutritional supplements can be formulated to enhance berberine’s bioavailability. | ||
| For enhanced palatability: Berberine has an intensely bitter taste that inhibits patient compliance. Newer supplement formulations can enhance the palatability of berberine for oral intake. | ||
| For better absorption: Berberine is mostly lipophobic with poor membrane permeability. Berberine supplements address the shortcomings of unformulated berberine to optimize its absorption and efficacy. |
Owing to the poor absorption of berberine, a majority of commercially available nutritional supplements contain high amounts of berberine to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. However, ingesting a high amount of berberine can have downsides. Furthermore, the berberine chloride salt has high aqueous solubility, making it difficult to mask the bitter taste of berberine in most nutritional supplements.
A nano-formulated berberine supplement is relatively better absorbed even in relatively lesser amounts than previously required while masking the unpalatability of berberine to achieve patient compliance.
A single supplement capsule usually contains 400-500 mg of berberine, with berberine hydrochloride salt as the key ingredient. Clinical studies over 8-12 weeks duration have shown that daily intake of 1,000-1,500 mg of berberine provides significant benefit to LDL cholesterol levels.* However, due to berberine’s possible side effects, it is strongly recommended to ask your health-care practitioner about the right amount of daily berberine intake.
Berberine has a reasonably short-term safety profile and there is limited data on the daily intake of berberine over a prolonged period. Also, the effects of berberine in pregnant and breastfeeding women, and in infants and children are still being researched.
The efficacy of a berberine supplement depends on its enhanced palatability and better absorption of the active ingredient molecules in lesser amounts than previously required to achieve the desired effects.
Tesseract’s BerberActiv® is an innovative, palatable, and hypoallergenic berberine supplement formulation that utilizes the proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology for unprecedented absorption of billions of berberine molecules in the intestinal tract. Enhanced absorption of berberine means micro-dosing—the ingestion of a lesser amount of berberine to achieve a powerful and rapid physiological response to support your overall health.*
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s products can help support your endocrine health.*
Citations:
1Rad SZK, et al. Toxicology effects of Berberis vulgaris (barberry) and its active constituent, berberine: a review. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences vol. 20,5 (2017):516-529. doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2017.86762Chun YT, et al. A biochemical study on the hypotensive effect of berberine in rats. General pharmacology vol. 10,3 (1979):177-182. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(79)90085-5
Summary:
The mitochondrial enzyme Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is at the core of cellular energy production and hence, considered critical for cells with high energy requirements, such as cardiac cells.* CoQ10 distribution is not uniform among different organs and its highest concentration is observed in the heart. Several research studies have established the potential role of CoQ10 in enhancing cellular bioenergetics to support the optimal functioning of the heart.*
Below, we discuss some of the key Coenzyme Q10 benefits for the heart and why you should include a CoQ10 nutritional supplement in your diet to promote your cardiovascular health.*
Coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble molecule that acts as an electron carrier in mitochondria and as a coenzyme for mitochondrial enzymes. It is also an antioxidant that protects cardiac cells from the harmful effects of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).* Emerging data suggests that free radical-mediated oxidative stress is one of the key reasons for common cardiac pathologies. The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by free radicals is considered a critical factor predisposing them to uptake into the vascular wall, resulting in various heart conditions. Owing to its bioenergetics and antioxidant properties, CoQ10 may help limit the toxic effects of free radicals on cardiac cells and promote heart health.*
The following table highlights Coenzyme Q10’s benefits for the heart and its potential role in protecting against cardiac pathologies.*
| CoQ10 Benefits for Heart Health | |
| Inhibits LDL oxidation* | Because CoQ10’s antioxidant properties1 inhibit the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, it has a preventative benefit relative to the thickening or hardening of the arteries.* |
| Lowers proinflammatory cytokines level* | A number of heart conditions are associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) that can have detrimental effects on the inner lining of the arteries. CoQ10 helps down-regulate2 the activity of these proinflammatory cytokines.* |
| Enhancing exercise tolerance* | 60-200 mg daily CoQ10 intake by individuals suffering from heart conditions has been found3 to enhance exercise tolerance.* |
| Stabilizing myocardial calcium-dependent ion channels* | Emerging research shows4 that CoQ10 is a cellular membrane stabilizer, helping to stabilize the mitochondrial calcium-dependent ion channels of heart muscle.* This mechanism of action helps limit cellular energy depletion and enhances the contractile function of the heart.* |
| Maintaining vascular suppleness* | Because CoQ10 can limit the accumulation of oxidized LDL in the arteries, it helps maintain vascular suppleness.* CoQ10 helps eliminate the source of ROS in the vascular system, thereby enhancing the level of nitric oxide (NO) to promote vasodilation.* |
Because CoQ10 supports heart health through various mechanisms, its deficiency is associated with a wide range of cardiac issues. A depleting level of endogenous CoQ10 with age can trigger oxidative stress that impairs mitochondrial bioenergetics, resulting in lower energy production that can adversely impact the contractile function of the heart and NO levels for vasodilation.* In such cases, CoQ10 supplementation can help maintain the body’s CoQ10 level, thus supporting the optimal functioning of the heart.*
A balanced diet consisting of CoQ10-rich food, such as meat, fish, nuts, and oils helps maintain the optimal CoQ10 level in your body. However, the high molecular weight of CoQ10, along with its insolubility in water results in poor absorption that can adversely impact its beneficial effects. In contrast, nano-formulated CoQ10 supplements have shown promising results owing to their enhanced absorption and bioavailability.
Tesseract’s CoQ10 Pro® is an innovative CoQ10 nutritional supplement formula developed to support heart health.* CoQ10 Pro’s nanoformulation uses proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® technology that solves the common challenges associated with antioxidant absorption. The CyLoc® technology isolates and encases each CoQ10 molecule in a dextrin fiber matrix. The DexKey® reactors accompany each CyLoc® molecule and release them at the desired point in the intestinal tract for maximum solubility and absorption. The unprecedented absorption of CoQ10 enables micro-dosing — the daily intake of the supplement at levels much lower than previously required. With Tesseract’s revolutionary nutrient delivery technology, CoQ10 molecules become a bioavailable therapeutic reality to promote the health of your heart.*
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing of multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s products support your cardiovascular health.*
Citations:
1Kumar A, et al. Role of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) . . . . Pharmacology & Therapeutics vol. 124,3 (2009):259-268. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.07.003
2,3Eleawa SM, et al. Coenzyme Q10 . . . . International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology vol. 7,1 1-13. 20 Mar. 2015
4Liang S, et al. Coenzyme Q10 regulates antioxidative stress . . . . Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity vol. 2017 (2017): 9863181. doi:10.1155/2017/9863181
Article Summary:
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends no alcohol intake or limiting alcohol intake in moderation (2 drinks or less in a day for men and 1 drink or less in a day for women). Binge drinking, heavy drinking, and any drinking by pregnant women or individuals younger than 21 years are considered excessive alcohol consumption. Extensive short-term and long-term health risks are associated with excessive alcohol consumption, including cellular damage or cytotoxicity due to Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) depletion.
Below, we discuss the potential interactions of CoQ10 and alcohol and how a CoQ10 supplement can counter the adverse impacts of alcohol consumption to a certain extent.*
CoQ10 is a molecule naturally present in all cells in our body and serves as a cofactor in energy production. CoQ10 is particularly abundant in organs with high metabolism rates, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs. It is also a powerful antioxidant that protects cellular components from the harmful effects of free radicals.*
Alcohol-induced oxidative stress is linked to ethanol metabolism, which is directly involved in producing free radicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (ROS). In clinical studies1, ethanol treatment has been found to deplete glutathione (GSH) levels and decrease antioxidant activity.
The following table highlights the potential interactions between CoQ10 and alcohol in the body.
| CoQ10 and Alcohol: Potential Interactions | |
| Alcohol and decreased CoQ10 levels: Ethanol-treated liver cells display2 elevated secretion of TNF-alpha — a cytokine used by the immune system for cell signaling. Such damaged liver cells have depleted mitochondrial CoQ10, which is detrimental to cell viability.* | Ethanol diminishes liver stores of CoQ10: Ethanol, either separately or in combination with lovastatin — a class of drugs that lower cholesterol, can diminish3 liver stores of CoQ10 by almost 40 percent. |
| CoQ10’s neuroprotective effects on alcohol-induced damage to nerve cells*: Clinical studies on rats have found4 the neuroprotective effects of CoQ10 and Vitamin E to counter the molecular neurotoxic effects of alcohol.* | CoQ10’s gastroprotective effects on alcohol-induced damage to gastric mucosa*: Alcohol consumption is frequently associated with damage to gastric mucosa — the thin lining of the mucous membrane on the inner surface of the stomach. CoQ10 supplementation has been found5 to mitigate ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage.* |
It has been observed6 that individuals indulging in unhealthy alcohol consumption have significantly reduced CoQ10 plasma levels, resulting from both reduced hepatic synthesis and nutritional deficiency. Research studies suggest that CoQ10 supplementation can be potentially effective in restricting alcohol-induced cell death or apoptosis in various tissues of the liver, brain, skin, and other organs.*
A major challenge with CoQ10 supplementation is CoQ10’s natural poor bioavailability and absorption in the body. When orally ingested, CoQ10 molecules are required to pass the intestinal wall and then travel to the liver through the portal circulation. The relatively high molecular weight of CoQ10, along with its insolubility in water and limited solubility in lipids, makes it difficult to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.
To counter the poor natural absorption of CoQ10, a majority of over-the-counter nutritional supplements contain a much higher amount of CoQ10 than its usual daily presence in the diet. Various approaches have been used to enhance the bioavailability of orally-ingested CoQ10, with nanoformulations displaying promising results compared to unformulated CoQ10.
Tesseract’s proprietary CoQ10 Pro® uses CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery system for enhanced absorption of CoQ10 molecules at daily intake levels much lower than previously required. The CyLoc® technology isolates and encases each CoQ10 molecule in a dextrin fiber matrix to create nano-sized particles that are more easily absorbed and utilized by cells. The DexKey® technology accompanies each CyLoc® molecule and breaks the dextrin fiber cage at the desired release point in the intestinal tract for maximum solubility and absorption. With the optimal delivery of CoQ10 molecules to the heart, liver, nervous tissues, and others, CoQ10 Pro® supports your overall health functions.*
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in enhancing palatability, maximizing bioavailability and absorption, and micro-dosing of multiple nutrients in a single, highly effective capsule. Visit our website for more information about how Tesseract’s products support your cardiovascular health.*
Citations:
1Das SK, Vasudevan DM. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress. Life Sciences vol. 81,3 (2007):177-187. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.05.005
2Vidyashankar S, et al. Alcohol depletes coenzyme-Q(10) associated with increased TNF-alpha secretion to induce cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Toxicology vol. 302,1 (2012):34-39. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.009
3Loop RA, et al. Effects of ethanol, lovastatin and coenzyme Q10 treatment on antioxidants and TBA reactive material in liver of rats. Molecular Aspects of Medicine vol. 15 Suppl (1994): s195-s206. doi:10.1016/0098-2997(94)90029-9
4Kandhare AD, et al. Elucidation of molecular mechanism involved in neuroprotective effect of Coenzyme Q10 in alcohol-induced neuropathic pain. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology vol. 27,6 (2013):603-622. doi:10.1111/fcp.12003
5Karakaya K, et al. Gastroprotective effects of CoQ10 on ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy vol. 116,1 (2015):51-56. doi:10.4149/bll_2015_010
6Bianchi GP, et al. Reduced ubiquinone plasma levels in patients with liver cirrhosis and in chronic alcoholics. Liver vol. 14,3 (1994):138-140. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0676.1994.tb00062.x
Summary:
In a woman, a lower level of estrogen as she ages is considered a potential cause for oxidative stress that can adversely influence her reproductive lifespan. This is because the production of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), can play a role in pathological conditions that involve the female reproductive tract.
A gradual decline in the body’s natural production of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is usually observed in females in their late 30s and appears to occur simultaneously with the age-related decline in reproductive health. Research shows that the antioxidant properties of CoQ10 can protect the reproductive system from the adverse effects of oxidative stress.*
Below, we discuss the beneficial effects of CoQ10 on the menstrual cycle and why you should include a CoQ10 nutritional supplement in your diet.
Your menstrual cycle starts on the first day of your period and ends at the beginning of your next period. Although the menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman, an average menstrual cycle usually lasts between 24 and 38 days.
The menstrual cycle is driven by a woman’s hormones and is categorized in the following phases:
The aging of egg cells is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction that is associated with reduced cellular energy levels. The diminished expression of those enzymes responsible for CoQ10 production has been observed in developing egg cells or oocytes of older females in both mice and humans. The following table highlights the research studies establishing the role of CoQ10 on the menstrual cycle and how CoQ10 influences female hormonal levels.
| CoQ10 and Menstrual Cycle | |
| Promoting the development of competent follicles: CoQ10 supplementation has been found1 to significantly enhance follicular fluid oxidative metabolism and oocyte quality, especially in women over 35 years old.* | |
| Restoring oocyte mitochondrial functions: Impaired mitochondrial performance created by suboptimal CoQ10 level can drive age-associated oocyte deficits. CoQ10 supplementation promotes2 a more favorable environment for oocyte development, restoring oocyte mitochondrial functions, during reproductive aging.* | |
| Supporting enhanced production of LH and FSH: In a clinical study on female individuals in the 20 – 40 years age group who displayed an absence of menstrual periods, CoQ10 supplementation was found3 to enhance the secretion of LH and FSH.* The rise in these hormone levels after daily supplementation of 150 mg of CoQ10 in the form of ubiquinol is attributed to the antioxidant properties of CoQ10 to limit oxidative stress.* |
Furthermore, serum CoQ10 levels have been found4 to be significantly lower during the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase of the same menstrual cycle, emphasizing the beneficial effects of CoQ10 on the menstrual cycle.*
While considering including a CoQ10 supplement in your diet, it is worth noting that CoQ10 has poor bioavailability and absorption. Although various approaches have been implemented to enhance CoQ10’s solubility and absorption, nano-formulated complexes have shown superior results compared to oral formulations featuring uncomplexed CoQ10.
Tesseract’s CoQ10 Pro® is a unique CoQ10 supplement that uses proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology to ensure the optimal absorption of CoQ10 at the desired point in the intestinal tract. With enhanced bioavailability, CoQ10 Pro® makes the daily intake level of CoQ10 much lower than previously required to support your reproductive health.*
The power of Tesseract supplements lies in the proprietary science of proven nutrients and unrivaled smart delivery, making them the most effective for supporting women’s health, particularly cardiovascular health and endocrine health
Citations:
1Giannubilo SR, et al. CoQ10 supplementation in patients undergoing IVF-ET: The relationship with follicular fluid content and oocyte maturity.” Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 7,10 141. 13 Oct. 2018, doi:10.3390/antiox7100141
2Ben-Meir A, et al. Coenzyme Q10 restores oocyte mitochondrial function and fertility during reproductive aging. Aging Cell vol. 14,5 (2015):887-95. doi:10.1111/acel.12368
3Thakur AS, et al. Effect of ubiquinol on serum reproductive hormones of amenorrhic patients.” Indian journal of clinical biochemistry vol. 31,3 (2016):342-348. doi:10.1007/s12291-015-0542-9
4Palan R, et al. Effects of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on serum levels of lipid-soluble antioxidants. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology vol. 194,5 (2006):e35-38. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.032
