Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that lacks a satisfactory cure and requires long-term management. As a result, parents of children with ASD often resort to complementary and alternative therapies, the most common being dietary interventions, such as nutritional supplements and medical foods, to alleviate their child’s ASD symptoms. 

This post explains different possible nutritional supplements for autism symptoms, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, that help manage the symptoms. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page.

Nutrient Deficiencies in ASD Children

The relationship between nutrition and ASD symptoms is complex. Children with ASD often show food selectivity, limited food intake, and behavioral problems during mealtimes. Food selectivity includes limited food choices, selective intake of some foods, excessive consumption of some foods, and the rejection of other foods.  

The elevated risk of developing eating disorders often predisposes children with ASD to nutritional deficiencies. In a 2023 study assessing the nutritional intake and adequacy in children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children, it was found that: 

• Preschool children with ASD symptoms had a slightly lower intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and vitamins D and B12. 
• Primary school children with ASD symptoms had a slightly higher intake of protein, cholesterol, thiamine, and niacin and showed a higher percentage of obesity than TD children. 

The study concluded that although both groupshad a significantly inadequate intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber, children with ASD had overall poorer diet quality.¹ The nutritional deficiencies resulting from such inadequate diets may directly or indirectly influence the exacerbation ofsymptoms of ASD.

Common Nutritional Supplements for Autism

A cross-sectional study of 210 participants aged 4-17 years with ASD found that multi-vitamins, vitamin D, omega-3s, probiotics, and magnesium are the most common nutritional supplements for autism. Other nutritional supplements, such as sodium butyrate, alpha-lipoic acid, selenium, adrenal cortex extract, milk thistle, cannabidiol, melatonin, and liposomal curcumin, are also used to alleviate ASD symptoms. The study assessed the key parental reasons for providing nutritional supplementation to children with ASD: 

• Enhancing the child’s diet. 
• Promoting immune system function. 
• Increasing quality and duration of sleep. 
• Improving gut health. 

The following table highlights how the most common nutritional supplements for autism help fill the nutritional gaps in an ASD child’s diet. 

Common Nutritional Supplements for Autism
Multi-vitamin/mineral formulas:  Multi-vitamin/mineral formulas are particularly beneficial for autism because supplement regimen adherence is often challenging for this population. Supplements often smell or taste unappetizing, which, when paired with the sensory integration difficulties experienced by autisic children, can make maintaining a daily regimen difficult. Calcium, vitamins A, E, K, and B6, zinc, and tetrahydrobiopterin are common ingredients in multi-vitamin/mineral formulas used in children with ASD.
Vitamin D3:  Vitamin D3 is important for neurodevelopment, including neural cell proliferation, neurotransmission, immune function, and addressing oxidative stress. A vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and early childhood might significantly impact the developing brain, resulting in adverse neuropathologies, including possibly ASD. Vitamin D supplementation helps maintain normal inflammatory responses in the brain.
Omega-3 fatty acids:  EPA and DHA are the two omega-3 fatty acids crucial for brain structure and function. They are substrates for the production of lipid-based signaling molecules necessary for cellular communication and immune regulation.  Because a reduced concentration of omega-3 fatty acids has been observed in ASD children, supplementation might help alleviate ASD symptoms.
Probiotics:  The high prevalence of gastrointestinal disturbances in children with ASD indicates the role of the gut-brain axis in influencing both GI and neurological health. Dietary supplementation of probiotics and digestive enzymes can help restore normal gut microbiota and limit the production and absorption of toxins in the gut.
Magnesium:  Magnesium is a crucial cofactor for cellular activity and exerts multiple influences on various cellular functions.  Magnesium has been found to prevent developmental delay. Some evidence indicates that a magnesium deficiency might result in adverse neurological conditions, including ASD.

Gut Health Supplements for ASD 

A significant number of children with ASD struggle with gastrointestinal discomfort, including indigestion, constipation, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.  with ASD have variable gut bacterial diversity. Gut microbiota affects brain physiology through differential metabolites, such as SCFAs, ammonia, and p-cresol.  

Supplementing the microbiota-gut-brain axis with probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics can help alleviate ASD symptoms. Research indicates that gut health supplements can help relieve gastrointestinal disturbances and behavioral issues in children with ASD.² 

Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics for ASD
Probiotics: These are live microorganisms, usually beneficial bacteria, that support the growth of the microbial community in the GI tract. Food sources containing probiotics include fermented foods such as kimchi and high-quality plain yogurt, which contain healthy bacterial strains.
Prebiotics: The beneficial bacteria in the gut feed on prebiotics for growth. Examples of prebiotic foods include soybeans, legumes, raw oats, and high-fiber fruits and vegetables.
Postbiotics: These are the bacterial products or metabolic byproducts produced by gut microbes during the anaerobic fermentation of organic nutrients. Short-chain fatty acids (butyric acid), certain vitamins, amino acids, and enzymes are examples of postbiotics.

Butyric Acid Supplementation to Address ASD Symptoms

The benefits of butyric acid on gastrointestinal health are well known. This short-chain fatty acid the gut microbiome produces beneficially influences intestinal cells, adipose (fatty) tissues, hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, and blood vessels through several signaling pathways. Some of the critical gut health benefits of butyrate include:

• Metabolic regulation: Butyrate protects against dehydration by stimulating the colon to absorb sodium chloride.*³.

• Stimulating intestinal barrier function: Butyrate stimulates mucin production by colonocytes, which acts as a protective internal coating in the GI tract.*

• Immunomodulation: Butyrate modulates the migration of immune cells and their cellular functions to influence immune responses in the intestinal mucosa.*⁴

• Enhancing intestinal motility: Butyrate enhances colonic motility — the peristaltic motion of the intestine.*

• Addressing oxidative stress: Studies show that butyrate decreases oxidative stress in the colonic mucosa.*

The following table highlights two reports that describe the benefits of butyric acid supplementation to address ASD symptoms. 

Studies Supporting Butyric Acid Supplementation to Address ASD Symptoms
Effect of Sodium Butyrate in the BTBR Autism Mouse Model: A 2016 study assessing the effects of sodium butyrate on social and repetitive behaviors in mice found that sodium butyrate supplementation induced changes in several behavior-related genes in the prefrontal cortex of the brain.5 It particularly affected the genes involved in neuronal excitation/inhibition. The transcription modulation by sodium butyrate suggests its potential beneficial effects on autism-related behaviors.
Effects of sodium butyrate to alleviate Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Hyperactivity in Autism-Like Rats: In a 2023 study on a prenatal lipopolysaccharide-exposed rat model of ASD, the rat model exhibited lower SCFA concentrations and overactivation of HPA axis.6 Treatment with sodium butyrate helped regulate the HPA axis and improved anxiety and social deficit behaviors in LPS-exposed offspring.

Advanced Supplementation Formulas for ASD  

Not all supplementation formulas for ASD are created equal. Formulations that utilize advanced nutrient delivery systems enhance the absorption and bioavailability of nutrients. Nutritional supplements and medical foods cannot achieve the advantages of complementary therapies without the optimal solubility and bioavailability of active nutrients.  

Tesseract Medical Research has developed various nutritional supplement and medical food formulations that promote and benefit various health functions. Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables maximum bioavailability of nutrients to achieve their health-promoting benefits. CyLoc® technology envelopes each active nutrient molecule in its smart delivery system to protect the molecule’s integrity during transit through the stomach. CyLoc technology also masks the unpalatable taste and odor of specific nutrient molecules. The accompanying DexKey® technology releases the nutrient molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract to optimize their absorption. 

The unprecedented absorption of active nutrients translates to optimal bioavailability, which enables micro-dosing of the formulation’s nutrients. This means a lesser amount of nutrients is needed than previously required to achieve the desired therapeutic outcome. 

Tesseract’s AuRx® is an advanced butyric acid formulation that addresses a specific nutritional requirement of children with ASD. This hypoallergenic medical food is a stabilized butyric acid complex that provides nutritional support to counteract the gut-brain nutrient imbalance in an ASD child. AuRx opens up the possibility of alleviating behavioral changes faced by children with ASD.

Frequently Asked Questions About Nutritional Supplementation for Autism

The following are frequently asked questions (FAQs) about nutritional supplementation for autism. 

How do we determine the most promising supplementation options for ASD?

There is no ‘one-solution-fits-all’ to address the nutritional requirements of ASD. It is always recommended to consult a healthcare provider to assess any nutritional deficiencies in your child before considering supplementation options that might help alleviate ASD symptoms.

When should I start a dietary intervention for my child exhibiting ASD symptoms?

While earlier dietary intervention might be ideal for managing ASD symptoms, you should always consult your child’s healthcare provider to determine the dosages, side effects, and potential contraindications of any dietary intervention, including nutritional supplements and medical foods. 

What should I look for when selecting a nutritional supplement or a medical food for autism?

The efficacy of a nutritional supplement or a medical food depends on the active nutrients in the formulation and their optimal absorption and bioavailability. When considering either a nutritional supplement or a medical food for autism, you should always look for the desired ingredient being the active nutrient in the formulation and an advanced nutrient delivery technology that ensures the optimal absorption and bioavailability of the active ingredient to ensure it achieves its health-promoting benefits.  

References:

¹Arija V, et al. Nutrient intake and adequacy in children with autism spectrum disorder: EPINED epidemiological study. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice vol. 27,2 (2023):371-388. doi:10.1177/13623613221098237

²Feng P, et al. A review of probiotics in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: Perspectives from the gut-brain axis. Frontiers in Microbiology vol. 14 1123462. 16 Mar. 2023, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123462

³Canani RB, et al. Gastroenterology vol. 127,2 (2004):63063-63064. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.071

⁴Siddiqui MT,  Gail AMC. Journal of Inflammation Research vol. 14 6025-6041. 18 Nov. 2021, doi:10.2147/JIR.S300989

⁵Kratsman N, et al. Sodium butyrate attenuates social behavior deficits and modifies the transcription of inhibitory/excitatory genes in the frontal cortex of an autism model. Neuropharmacology vol. 102 (2016):136-145. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.003

⁶Wang X, et al. Sodium butyrate facilitates CRHR2 expression to alleviate HPA axis hyperactivity in autism-like rats induced by prenatal lipopolysaccharides through histone deacetylase inhibition. mSystems vol. 8,4 (2023): e0041523. doi:10.1128/msystems.00415-23

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a neurological and developmental disorder, typically begins in early childhood, with symptoms generally appearing in the first two years of life. It is characterized by limited and repetitive behavioral patterns that hinder social interaction and communication skills. 

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 1 in 36 children has been identified with ASD, and current statistics identify it is nearly four times more common among boys than girls.

If you have a child who has been diagnosed with ASD, it is hard to accept there is no cure. Instead, the primary goal becomes helping to alleviate ASD symptoms through medications, diets, supplements, and therapies to optimize your child’s ability to function. The common nutritional supplements given to children with ASD include multivitamins, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, and probiotics and postbiotics.   

This article explains the benefits of a particular postbiotic, butyric acid, in children with ASD and how AuRx®, a proprietary butyric acid medical food developed by Tesseract Medical Research, is scripting autism success stories. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page. 

Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Altered Microbiota in ASD 

The primary short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the large intestine are acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. These SCFAs arise from the fermentation of carbohydrates, such as dietary fibers, by the gut’s microbiota. Notably, SCFAs readily cross the blood-brain barrier and can exert powerful effects on the central nervous system (CNS). 

Although the exact mechanism of SCFAs’ influence on the CNS is still unclear, research indicates that SCFAs influence neurological processes at the molecular level and affect behavior.¹ Studies further show that children with ASD have altered gut composition, characterized by elevated levels of SCFAs, particularly propionic acid.² 

Excess propionic acid that crosses the blood-brain barrier sets the stage for a toxic environment that can result in cognitive and motor impairments. It has been observed that the greater the gastrointestinal disturbance in autistic children, the greater the risk of behavioral problems, language impairment, and irritability.  

The evidence on the role of SCFAs in influencing CNS functions highlights their role in influencing the gut-brain axis and their fluctuating levels. 

AuRx® — A Butyric Acid Medical Food for ASD Children

Al Czap, the founder of Tesseract Medical Research, is well-versed in the difficulties faced by children with ASD and their caregivers. He developed a medical food called AuRx® — a stabilized butyric acid complex, to provide specific nutritional support for children with ASD. This hypoallergenic formulation has enabled parents to witness remarkable autism success stories resulting from countering the gut-brain nutrient imbalance experienced by children with ASD.

Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables maximum absorption and bioavailability of butyric acid to bring positive behavioral changes in affected children. The CyLoc® technology envelopes each butyric acid molecule to mask its taste and maintain its integrity during transit through the stomach. The accompanying DexKey® reactors enable targeted delivery of butyric acid molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract for optimal absorption. The highly absorbable therapeutic reality can bring positive behavioral changes in ASD children. 

Autism Success Stories Powered by AuRx®

It is worth noting that beginning an AuRx® daily regimen is not the end of ASD symptoms. AuRx® won’t likely be a sufficient monotherapy for every child with ASD, but it can complement other types of interventions when added to a comprehensive treatment plan. The following are several success stories that highlight how AuRx® is transforming the lives of children with ASD. 

Noah’s Story: 

As a 10-year-old, Noah faced consistent difficulties in school due to irritable outbursts and diminished communication ability. After beginning an AuRx® daily regimen, Noah showed noticeable positive changes in his behavior, including: 

• Reduced pickiness when eating. 
• Improved appetite. 
• Greater attention to social cues. 
• Fewer frustrated outbursts. 
• Enhanced mood.  

These changes were not coincidental. It was reported that when Noah did not have his AuRx® on a family vacation, his symptoms returned and were better managed when his AuRx® was resumed.  

*Note: Autism success stories have been provided by parents of children with ASD, and names have been changed to protect privacy. 

Al Czap says, “When you meet a patient’s issues really well, it makes your heart melt.” These autism success stories reflect the efficacy of AuRx® in helping to alleviate ASD symptoms. With the growing use of AuRx, more parents of children with ASD are likely to experience similar successes.  

How is AuRx® Different?  

Although most dietary therapies designed for children with ASD target the CNS, there is growing evidence that multiple ASD symptoms are tied to the child’s gut health. AuRx® is formulated to support gut health, which, in turn, is connected to the CNS through the gut-brain axis. 

Children with ASD are often reported to experience imbalanced inflammatory responses in the gut, resulting in an overstimulated gut-brain axis, which potentially causes sensations of bloating, abdominal discomfort, and resultant exacerbated behavioral symptoms. Butyric acid, the primary nutrient in AuRx®, helps maintain a balanced inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract, thus promoting gut and neurological health.   

The following table highlights how AuRx® helps alleviate ASD symptoms. 

Factors That Make AuRx® A Gold Standard Medical Food
a. Optimal Absorption: AuRx’s proprietary nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables optimal absorption of butyric acid molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract.
b. Optimal Bioavailability: The targeted delivery of butyric acid enhances butyric acid’s bioavailability.
c. Enhanced Palatability: Masking butyric acid’s unpleasant taste and odor enhances the formulation’s palatability, resulting in optimal patient compliance.

Butyric Acid to Alleviate ASD Symptoms

Children with autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often exhibit mitochondrial abnormalities and impaired energy production. ASD is also associated with increased oxidative stress and lower antioxidant capacity. 

While propionic acid disturbs gastrointestinal function in a manner similar to the abnormalities in ASD, butyric acid has been found to positively up-regulate mitochondrial function, the blood-brain barrier, and gut permeability. Butyric acid has further shown promising results as a neuroprotectant agent in alleviating ASD symptoms by enhancing mitochondrial function and driving the energy metabolism of colonocytes or colon cells.³

The concentration of SCFAs in both the intestines and in circulation depends on an individual’s diet, intestinal microbiota, and metabolism. Supplemental butyric acid can enhance the gut microbiome, thus helping to maintain healthy levels of SCFAs to alleviate ASD symptoms. 

Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some frequently asked questions about ASD: 

What dietary interventions should I consider for a child diagnosed with ASD? 

You should always consult with your child’s healthcare provider before considering a dietary intervention for a child diagnosed with ASD. There is no ‘one-size-fits-all solution’ for children with ASD, and a health expert can best determine your child’s nutrient requirements for alleviating ASD symptoms. 

When is the best time to begin a dietary intervention for an ASD child?

As Czap says, “The younger we can intervene, the quicker we can analyze the child and the better served we are in responding.” While beginning a dietary intervention earlier is beneficial to address the symptoms, it is always recommended to consult with a health-care provider before including a medical food such as AuRx in the child’s diet, regardless of age.

Is supplemental butyric acid effective in alleviating symptoms?

It should be noted that some dietary interventions might not prove to be a sufficient monotherapy for achild with ASD but can work best when added to a comprehensive treatment plan. Various other dietary changes might also be required — changes typically involve modifying the type or quantity of dietary fiber the child is consuming. 

The efficacy of supplemental butyric acid also depends on its absorption and bioavailability. A formulation with advanced nutrient delivery nanotechnology developed for optimal solubility can achieve the benefits of the butyric acid to help alleviate ASD symptoms. 

References: 

¹Lagod PP, Naser SA. The role of short-chain fatty acids and altered microbiota composition in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A comprehensive literature review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences vol. 24,24 17432. 13 Dec. 2023, doi:10.3390/ijms242417432

²MacFabe DF, et al. Effects of the enteric bacterial metabolic product propionic acid on object-directed behavior, social behavior, cognition, and neuroinflammation in adolescent rats: Relevance to autism spectrum disorder. Behavioural Brain Research vol. 217,1 (2011):47-54. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.005

³Rose S, et al. Butyrate enhances mitochondrial function during oxidative stress in cell lines from boys with autism. Translational Psychiatry vol. 8,1 42. 2 Feb. 2018, doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0089-z

Glutathione, the body’s so-called “master antioxidant” – has several health-promoting benefits, including enhancing detoxification, limiting oxidative stress, and supporting various other health functions.* Glutathione is an important non-enzymatic antioxidant that is found in almost every cell in the body, with a similar concentration as other vital nutrients, such as glucose and potassium.

Although your body’s glutathione level decreases with age, poor diet, certain lifestyle choices, and adverse health conditions, taking a glutathione supplement may help maintain a normal level. With that being said, can taking a glutathione supplement with other supplements enhance its health-promoting benefits? This post describes the benefits of taking a glutathione supplement with other supplements, and why you should always look for an advanced glutathione supplement formulation to support your health and wellness. Use the links below to jump ahead to a topic of interest.

Glutathione Supplements — An Overview

Glutathione supplements come in several forms, including oral, intranasal, intravenous/ intramuscular, and nebulized. When taken orally, they are generally considered safe and have no serious adverse side effects. Oral delivery is the most common method of glutathione supplementation, although it is not the most effective method for optimal absorption. 

Although glutathione supplements promote various health functions, including the nervous, immune, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems, as well as skin and hair,* It is recommended to consult your healthcare provider before including a glutathione supplement in your diet. 

Given glutathione’s several health benefits, you might wonder about the effects of co-supplementation of this “master antioxidant” with other supplements. The following sections describe the benefits of taking a glutathione supplement with other supplements.

Can I Take a Glutathione Supplement with Other Supplements?

The short answer is yes. Several recent studies have explored the benefits of co-supplementing glutathione with, respectively, vitamin C, berberine, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and alpha-lipoic acid. Although the safety profiles of glutathione and these compounds it is co-supplemented with are well established, not every study is conclusive about the beneficial effects of co-supplementation.    

When considering taking a glutathione supplement with other supplements, it is worth noting that the beneficial effects of the co-supplementation depend significantly on the absorption and bioavailability of each supplement and the safety of the supplement formulations.

Glutathione and Vitamin C

Vitamin C and glutathione have interconnected antioxidant functions and are mutually essential for each other. The combined intake of these two antioxidants to enhance exercise performance has used diverse approaches and results have been inconsistent.¹ Although the additive effect of co-supplementing glutathione and vitamin C is anticipated, more research is required to establish their synergistic effects.  

Glutathione and Berberine

Both glutathione and berberine help maintain normal glucose metabolism, enhance insulin secretion, and lower insulin resistance.* 

Glucose metabolism modulates the responses of insulin-secreting pancreatic islet beta-cells. It has been found that the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is required for glutathione synthesis in these islet cells, promoting their antioxidant capacity to counter the stress associated with high blood glucose levels.²

Berberine stimulates glucose breakdown, inhibits glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate sources, promotes insulin secretion, and limits the digestion of carbohydrates in the intestine.*³ 

The following table highlights two studies that looked at the benefits of co-supplementing glutathione and berberine.

Studies Exploring Berberine’s Effects on Glutathione Activity to Promote Glucose Metabolism
Protective effects of berberine on antioxidant enzymes: An animal study investigating the protective effects of berberine in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic rats found that berberine enhanced catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione activities in liver tissue and serum.4
Impacts of berberine on the regulation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)messenger RNAs: In a comparative study on a population of diabetic and normal mice, berberine recovered depleted levels of GPx, copper-zinc SOD, and manganese SOD m-RNA in diabetic mice to nearly the same levels as normal mice. The GSH levels, including the total GSH and reduced/ oxidized GSH levels, were restored to the normal level by berberine.5

Glutathione and Coenzyme Q10 

Glutathione and CoQ10 have immense health-promoting potential because they are vital to various mitochondrial functions.* Mitochondrial glutathione regulates cellular energy production (ATP) and acts as the main line of defense against oxidative stress in the mitochondria.* Glutathione also acts as a cofactor for several antioxidant enzymes.* CoQ10 transfers electrons within the mitochondrial oxidative respiratory chain to produce cellular energ, in addition to enhancing the production of vital antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, to mitigate oxidative stress.*  

The following table highlights two studies that looked at the combined effects of glutathione and CoQ10.

Combined Effects of Glutathione and CoQ10
Combined effects of glutathione and CoQ10 on reproductive health: In a randomized clinical trial, 83 infertile male subjects were administered combined supplementation of CoQ10, glutathione, l-carnitine/acetyl-l-carnitine, l-arginine, zinc, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, and selenium. The combined effects of the two supplements enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics to improve sperm quality.*6
Combined effects of CoQ10 and glutathione against lipid peroxidation: Unsaturated lipid peroxidation by ROS yields highly reactive lipid peroxyl radicals that can be neutralized by vitamin E (α-tocopherol). CoQ10 (ubiquinol) generates α-tocopherol antioxidant activity.*  The intermediate compound of these reactions (ubisemiquinone) further reacts with oxygen molecules or oxidizes further to the fully oxidized ubiquinone that does not react with oxygen. Reduced glutathione, NADP (an electron carrier), and other antioxidants, such as vitamin C, regenerate the oxidized CoQ10 (ubiquinone) and α-tocopherol and maintain their reduction states.*7

Glutathione and Alpha-Lipoic Acid

In addition to scavenging free radicals, glutathione is also involved in recycling vitamins C and E.* Alpha-lipoic acid plays an essential role in mitochondrial dehydrogenase reactions, reacts with reactive oxygen species, and interacts with vitamin C and glutathione to recycle vitamin E.*

The following table highlights two studies that looked at the effects of co-supplementation with glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid. 

Studies Exploring Co-Supplementation of Glutathione and Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Effects of lipoic acid and glutathione in protecting against microsomal lipid peroxidation: The combination of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and reduced lipoic acid protected against lipid peroxidation.*8 The beneficial effect is attributed to reduced lipoic acid, which reduces GSSG to GSH.
Effects of co-administration of alpha-lipoic acid and glutathione in a specific condition affecting the nervous system: Alpha-lipoic acid and glutathione might help limit adverse liver conditions. In a study of 42 individuals experiencing a particular condition affecting the nervous system, the co-administration of alpha-lipoic acid and glutathione had no significant effects on serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, or γ-glutamyltranspeptidase levels.9

Selecting Advanced Supplement Formulations

Glutathione is well known for being a difficult-to-absorb molecule that negatively impacts its associated health benefits. The rapid natural absorption of oral glutathione in the gastrointestinal tract and its subsequent poor bioavailability are two major factors that hinder the efficacy of most glutathione supplements. This can be overcome by an advanced glutathione formulation that enhances glutathione’s bioavailability and its subsequent absorption in the body. 

SafeCell® is an innovative glutathione supplement formulation developed by Tesseract Medical Research that solves glutathione’s bioavailability and absorption challenges. The acetylated glutathione formula utilizes Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery technology to maximize glutathione’s absorption, thus achieving glutathione health-promoting benefits.

Tesseract’s CyLoc® technology encases each glutathione molecule for safe passage through the stomach. The accompanying DexKey® reactors release each active glutathione molecule at the desired point in the gastrointestinal tract, thus achieving optimal absorption. This unique SafeCell formulation supports natural detoxification pathways, modulates oxidative stress, promotes the optimal functioning of other antioxidants, and supports optimal cellular and neurological function by crossing the blood-brain barrier.* The Tesseract Detoxification Solution helps maintain optimal good health during aging.*

At Tesseract Medical Research, we are committed to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). We utilize the most appropriate and scientifically advanced analytical techniques and a well-designed quality control system to develop the finest quality nutritional supplements.

Frequently Asked Questions About Glutathione Supplements

The following are some frequently asked questions about glutathione supplements: 

What should I look for when selecting a glutathione supplement? 

When selecting a glutathione supplement, look for the ingredients in the formulation (when considering co-supplementation) and the nutrient delivery technology used to ensure optimal absorption and bioavailability of the active nutrients.  

Can I take a glutathione supplement with other supplements? 

This question is best answered by your healthcare provider, who can inform you of potential contraindications of glutathione with other supplements and prescription medications.  

How can I determine the quality of a glutathione supplement? 

Determine whether a manufacturer follows GMP practices established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to ensure the identity, purity, strength, and composition of its supplements. GMPs prevent the addition of wrong ingredients to the formulation, reduce the chance of contamination, and ensure proper packaging and labeling.

References: 

¹Lee E, et al. Vitamin C and glutathione supplementation: a review of their additive effects on exercise performance. Physical Activity and Nutrition vol. 27,3 (2023):36-43. doi:10.20463/pan.2023.0027

²Fu A, et al. Glucose metabolism and pyruvate carboxylase enhance glutathione synthesis and restrict oxidative stress in pancreatic islets. Cell Reports vol. 37,8 (2021):110037. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110037

³Cao C, Su M. Effects of berberine on glucose-lipid metabolism, inflammatory factors and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine vol. 17,4 (2019):3009-3014. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.7295

⁴Zhou J-Y, Zhou S-W. Protective effect of berberine on antioxidant enzymes and positive transcription elongation factor b expression in diabetic rat liver. Fitoterapia vol. 82,2 (2011):184-189. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.08.019
⁵Lao-ong T, et al. Alteration of hepatic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by berberine. Pharmaceutical Biology vol. 50,8 (2012):1007-1012. doi:10.3109/13880209.2012.655377

⁶Kopets R, et al. Dietary supplementation with a novel l-carnitine multi-micronutrient in idiopathic male subfertility involving oligo-, astheno-, teratozoospermia: A randomized clinical study. Andrology vol. 8,5 (2020):1184-1193. doi:10.1111/andr.12805

⁷Turunen M, et al. Metabolism and function of coenzyme Q. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta vol. 1660,1-2 (2004):171-199. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.11.012

⁸Bast A, Haenen GR. Interplay between lipoic acid and glutathione in the protection against microsomal lipid peroxidation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta vol. 963,3 (1988):558-561. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(88)90326-8
⁹Puri BK, et al. Co-administration of α-lipoic acid and glutathione is associated with no significant changes in serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase or γ-glutamyltranspeptidase levels during the treatment of neuroborreliosis with intravenous ceftriaxone. Journal of Complementary & Integrative Medicine vol. 12,3 (2015):227-230. doi:10.1515/jcim-2014-0058

Article Summary:

• Glutathione and berberine are antioxidants with proven health benefits.*
• Studies indicate that berberine restores glutathione (GSH) levels, including total GSH and reduced/oxidized GSH levels.*
• Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery technology enables optimal absorption and bioavailability of glutathione and berberine.

The role of glutathione as the body’s “master antioxidant” is well-established. This potent tripeptide compound plays a key role in antioxidant defense, nutrient metabolism, and regulation of cellular events.* A glutathione deficiency is associated with oxidative stress, an underlying cause of several degenerative health conditions. Although glutathione supplementation has recently gained popularity for promoting skin health, its beneficial effects on overall health and wellness are also widely recognized. 

Berberine, a compound derived from various plant sources (such as Oregon grape and goldenseal), has both antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity that promote optimal functioning of the heart, liver, gastrointestinal system, immune system, and endocrine system.* Notably, berberine is becoming immensely popular as a nutritional supplement for supporting weight management, although clinical evidence is currently inconclusive.  

With the many wellness-promoting benefits of glutathione and berberine, can these two compounds be taken together to better achieve health outcomes? In this article, we will specifically focus on the benefits of glutathione and berberine on glucose metabolism* and why you should include an advanced supplement formulation in your diet. 

Glutathione and Berberine Help Maintain Blood Glucose Levels*

One reason for having an undesirable blood glucose level can be attributed to oxidative stress and inflammation in liver cells. Dietary antioxidants, especially glutathione and berberine, promote optimal glucose metabolism, enhance insulin secretion, and lower insulin resistance, thereby achieving healthy levels of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) and oxidative stress markers. 

The following describes the individual effects of glutathione and berberine on helping to maintain healthy blood glucose levels.*  

Benefits of Glutathione on Glucose Metabolism

Glucose metabolism modulates the responses of the insulin-secreting pancreatic islet beta-cells. The enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is required for glutathione synthesis in these islet beta-cells, promoting their antioxidant capacity to counter the stress associated with high blood glucose levels. A 2021 study found there is a direct interplay between glucose metabolism and glutathione synthesis via pyruvate carboxylase.*¹ As glucose metabolism and pyruvate carboxylase enhance glutathione synthesis, it coincidingly helps restrict oxidative stress in pancreatic islet beta-cells.  

Benefits of Berberine on Glucose Metabolism

Berberine stimulates glucose breakdown, inhibits glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate sources, promotes insulin secretion, and limits the digestion of carbohydrates in the intestine.* A 2019 study that assessed the effects of berberine on glucose-lipid metabolism and insulin resistance found that the combined application of berberine in individuals experiencing metabolic conditions helped regulate blood glucose and blood lipids and alleviated insulin resistance.*²

The following table highlights two studies that explored how berberine influences glutathione activity to better promote glucose metabolism

Studies Exploring Berberine’s Effects on Glutathione Activity to Promote Glucose Metabolism
Protective effects of berberine on antioxidant enzymes: A 2011 animal study investigating the protective effects of berberine in liver tissue of type 2 diabetic animal models found that berberine increased the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione activity in liver tissue and serum.3
Impacts of berberine on the regulation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)messenger RNAs: In a 2012 comparative study on diabetic and normal animal subjects, berberine recovered depleted levels of GPx, copper-zinc SOD, and manganese SOD m-RNA in the diabetic mice to nearly the same levels as the normal mice. The GSH level, including the total GSH and reduced/ oxidized GSH levels, were restored to normal by berberine.4

Although the individual benefits of glutathione and berberine, as well as the synergistic effects of these compounds, on glucose metabolism are well established,* there is ongoing research on co-supplementation of glutathione and berberine.

Can Glutathione and Berberine Be Taken Together? It Depends. 

Whether glutathione and berberine can be together depends on several factors: 

• Consult your healthcare provider: Your healthcare provider knows your medical history and whether co-supplementation of glutathione and berberine would be beneficial for you. 

• Understand the potential side effects and contraindications: Although glutathione and berberine are considered safe in supplement form, you should be aware of potential side effects, as well as contraindications with prescription medications.

• Select a supplement formulation that optimizes absorption: Always select a nutritional supplement that optimizes the absorption and bioavailability of glutathione and berberine, because both have poor natural bioavailability. 

Tesseract Medical Research has developed glutathione and berberine supplement formulations that promote endocrine health.* Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® —DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables unprecedented absorption of both compounds, thus achieving their health-promoting benefits and supporting healthy glucose metabolism.*

¹Fu A, et al. Glucose metabolism and pyruvate carboxylase enhance glutathione synthesis and restrict oxidative stress in pancreatic islets. Cell Reports vol. 37,8 (2021):110037. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110037

²Cao C, Su M. Effects of berberine on glucose-lipid metabolism, inflammatory factors and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine vol. 17,4 (2019):3009-3014. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.7295

³Zhou J-Y, Zhou S-W. Protective effect of berberine on antioxidant enzymes and positive transcription elongation factor b expression in diabetic rat liver. Fitoterapia vol. 82,2 (2011):184-189. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.08.019

⁴Lao-ong T, et al. Alteration of hepatic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by berberine. Pharmaceutical Biology vol. 50,8 (2012):1007-1012. doi:10.3109/13880209.2012.655377

Article Summary:

• Glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid are potent antioxidants with proven health benefits.
• Alpha-lipoic acid enhances a depleted level of glutathione.
• Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery technology enables optimal absorption and bioavailability of glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid.

Oxidative stress in the body caused by an excessive level of free radicals and lipid peroxides is associated with several degenerative conditions. To resist this, glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid are critical components of the body’s endogenous antioxidant defense system by helping to eliminate free radicals and lipid peroxides.* In addition, research indicates that alpha-lipoic acid can regenerate other antioxidants, including glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E. 

Can glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid be taken together, given that they are both antioxidants with proven health benefits? This post highlights several studies that describe the benefits of co-supplementation with glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid, the factors you should consider before co-supplementation, and why an advanced nutrient delivery system is crucial for optimal absorption of these two antioxidants.

Benefits of Co-Supplementation with Glutathione and Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Glutathione

Glutathione is the so-called “master antioxidant” that shields cellular macromolecules from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.* It is also involved in detoxifying both xenobiotic (external) and endogenous (internal) compounds, such as medications, environmental toxic substances, and cellular metabolic waste.* In addition to scavenging free radicals, glutathione is also involved in promoting the recycling of vitamins C and E.* Glutathione exists in cells in two forms – reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG). Its depletion is strongly associated with various age-related health conditions and loss of functions. 

Alpha-Lipoic Acid 

Alpha-lipoic acid exists in right-handed (R-alpha lipoic acid) and left-handed (L-alpha lipoic acid) mirror image forms (or stereoisomers). Alpha-lipoic acid plays an essential role in up-regulating various beneficial mitochondrial reactions.* In addition, alpha-lipoic acid reacts with reactive oxygen species, interacts with vitamin C and glutathione to recycle vitamin E, helps maintain normal blood sugar levels, and acts as a redox regulator of proteins.*  

Several studies have established the beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione levels. In an animal study, alpha-lipoic acid supplementation increased total glutathione levels in the liver and blood.¹ Lipoic acid supplementation limited the exercise-induced dip in heart glutathione S-transferase activity. In another study, alpha-lipoic acid protected against hepatotoxicity through the regeneration of glutathione through cell signaling pathways.*² 

The following table highlights two studies that explored the effects of co-supplementation with glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid.

Studies on Co-Supplementation of Glutathione and Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Effects of lipoic acid and glutathione in protection against microsomal lipid peroxidation: The combination of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and reduced lipoic acid protects against lipid peroxidation.*3 The beneficial effect is attributed to reduced lipoic acid, which reduces GSSG to GSH.
Effects of co-administration of alpha-lipoic acid and glutathione in a specific condition affecting the nervous system: It is suggested that alpha-lipoic acid and glutathione may help limit hepatic conditions. In a study of 42 patients experiencing a specific condition affecting the nervous system, the co-administration of alpha-lipoic acid and glutathione had no significant effects on serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, or γ-glutamyltranspeptidase levels, indicating that this combination may help support liver health without negatively impacting liver enzymes levels.*4

There is ongoing research on co-supplementation with glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid. Although some studies remain inconclusive, the beneficial effects of the two antioxidants are well-established.  

Can I take Glutathione and Alpha-Lipoic Acid Together? It Depends. 

Can I take glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid together? The short answer is yes. However, when taking them together, you should consider the efficacy and safety of the supplement formulations. 

• Efficacy of a supplement formulation: The nutrients’ absorption and bioavailability determine the supplement’s efficacy. Nano-delivery of nutrients through cyclodextrins has been found to optimize their absorption and solubility. Advanced formulations utilizing such nutrient delivery help achieve their therapeutic benefits. 

• Safety of a supplement formulation: The safety of a supplement is equally important and is determined by the manufacturing practices used to make the formulation. Formulations with the right amount of active ingredients help make them a therapeutic reality without causing adverse side effects. 

Tesseract Medical Research has developed glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid formulations using their advanced CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology. Because molecules such as glutathione are conventionally difficult to absorb, ssing proprietary technology to deliver these nutrients at the desired point in the intestinal tract achieves optimal absorption. In addition, the unprecedented absorption of active nutrients enables micro-dosing — using a lesser amount of active ingredients than previously required to achieve the desired therapeutic outcomes. 

Tesseract combines the highest-quality nutrients with cutting-edge delivery systems to support health functions. We follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), including scientifically advanced analytical techniques and quality control systems, to ensure the efficacy and safety of our supplement formulations.

Citations: 

¹Khanna S, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation: tissue glutathione homeostasis at rest and after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.:1985) vol. 86,4 (1999):1191-1196. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.4.1191

²Gu L, et al. α-Lipoic acid protects against microcystin-LR induced hepatotoxicity through regeneration of glutathione via activation of Nrf2. Environmental Toxicology vol. 35,7 (2020):738-746. doi:10.1002/tox.22908

³Bast A, Haenen GR. Interplay between lipoic acid and glutathione in the protection against microsomal lipid peroxidation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta vol. 963,3 (1988):558-561. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(88)90326-8

⁴Puri BK, et al. Co-administration of α-lipoic acid and glutathione is associated with no significant changes in serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase or γ-glutamyltranspeptidase levels during the treatment of neuroborreliosis with intravenous ceftriaxone. Journal of Complementary & Integrative Medicine vol. 12,3 (2015):227-230. doi:10.1515/jcim-2014-0058

Article Summary:

• The enzyme nattokinase is produced by the bacteria Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of boiled soybeans.
• The pharmacologic properties of nattokinase contribute to its health benefits of supporting the heart, brain, and gut.
• Advanced formulations utilize nano-delivery methods to achieve the stability and targeted delivery of nattokinase.

Have you tried the traditional Japanese breakfast of fermented soybeans called natto? Although the slimy texture might be unfamiliar to some, natto is widely considered to be a so-called “superfood” for benefiting the heart, gut, and brain. The beneficial effects of natto are derived from nattokinase — an enzyme produced by the bacteria Bacillus subtilis as boiled soybeans are fermented.  

As a nutritional supplement, nattokinase displays several pharmacologic properties that can provide significant beneficial health effects.* This post highlights the health benefits of nattokinase, how it supports several functions in the body, and why you should include an advanced nattokinase supplement in your diet.   

Health Benefits of Nattokinase: An Overview

Natto is a rich source of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers. Chemically, natto contains 18 amino acids, of which eight are essential amino acids. The fermentation of natto results in the production of several bioactive factors, including nattokinase, bacillopeptidase F, vitamin K2, and dipicolinic acid. 

Nattokinase is a single polypeptide chain of 275 amino acids. Nattokinase is known for its pharmacologic properties that promote healthy cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal functions.* The beneficial effects of nattokinase include: 

• Fibrinolytic effect: Nattokinase degrades fibrin, the protein produced in response to bleeding, and helps increase the release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), to help maintain normal blood clotting.*¹ 

• Thrombolytic effect: Nattokinase helps dissolve blood clots that have already formed.* Its thrombolytic effect has been found to be stronger than that of other thrombolytic agents, such as plasmin.*²   

• Antioxidant effect: Nattokinase’s antioxidant effect helps maintain normal inflammatory responses with the cardiovascular system.*³ Its antioxidant activity inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipid peroxidation to promote normal lipid metabolism.*  

The pharmacologic properties of nattokinase contribute to the following health benefits.

Health Benefits of Nattokinase
Heart health: Nattokinase has several beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, including: Helps maintain normal blood pressure.*4 Helps maintain smooth and supple arteries.*5 Helps maintain the normal function of the platelets in the blood.*6 Promotes optimal lipid metabolism.*7
Brain health: Nattokinase plays a potential role in the peripheral blood-to-brain axis, having been found to promote neurogenesis in animal models, which informs that it may help maintain normal cognitive functions.* The enzyme is also associated with maintaining normal inflammatory responses in brain cells.*8
Gut health: Limited evidence from animal studies on the effect of nattokinase on the gastrointestinal microbiota shows that consuming natto fermentation products can enhance the richness, diversity, and uniformity of gut microbiota.*9

Various studies have established the overall safety of nattokinase as a nutritional supplement with little or no adverse health effects. The relative safety of nattokinase over other thrombolytic agents contributes to its preference as an supplement for promoting healthy blood circulation.* Although the health benefits of nattokinase are well-researched, its potential contraindications with prescription medications are unknown; therefore, it is recommended that you consult with your healthcare provider before including a nattokinase supplement in your diet.    

Because the molecular size of nattokinase is too large for oral absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, it can undergo chemical oxidation and subsequent inactivation in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, nattokinase absorption through the oral route is challenging. Fortunately, an advanced nattokinase supplement can resolve nattokinase’s absorption and bioavailability challenges to accomplish the targeted delivery of the enzyme.    

An Advanced Nattokinase Formulation to Promote Your Health 

NattoGuard is an innovative and advanced nattokinase formulation developed by Tesseract Medical Research that promotes your overall health and wellbeing. Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology ensures the optimal absorption and bioavailability of nattokinase, thus achieving its many health-promoting benefits.* CyLoc® technology surrounds each nattokinase molecule in its smart delivery system to protect them from being degraded during the transit through the stomach, and the accompanying DexKey® reactors release each molecule at the desired point in the intestinal tract to achieve maximum absorption.  

All Tesseract nutritional supplements are made with the highest-quality nutrients and follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and industry standards. The cutting-edge delivery system and a well-designed quality control system make NattoGuard a superior nattokinase supplement for promoting your heart, brain, and gut health.*

References 

¹Hsia C-H, et al. Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) vol. 29,3 (2009):190-196. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.009

²Fujita M, et al. Thrombolytic effect of nattokinase . . . . Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol. 18,10 (1995):1387-1391. doi:10.1248/bpb.18.1387

^3,7Iwai K, et al. Antioxidative functions of natto, a kind of fermented soybeans: effect on LDL oxidation and lipid metabolism . . . . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol. 50,12 (2002):3597-3601. doi:10.1021/jf0117199

⁴Okamoto A, et al. . . . [S]ubstances in fermented soybean, natto. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) vol. 47,1 (1995):39-47. doi:10.1007/BF01088165

⁵Suzuki Y, et al. Dietary supplementation of fermented soybean, natto, . . .” Life Sciences vol. 73,10 (2003):1289-1298. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00426-0

⁶Jang, J-Y, et al. Nattokinase improves blood flow . . . . Laboratory Animal Research vol. 29,4 (2013):221-225. doi:10.5625/lar.2013.29.4.221
⁸Ji H, et al. Mechanisms of nattokinase . . . . European Journal of Pharmacology vol. 745 (2014):144-151. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.024

Adverse cardiovascular health conditions account for leading causes of death worldwide. Unfortunately, limited alternative approaches are available to control and manage heart-related conditions. The effect of specific diets – such as the Mediterranean, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and plant-based diets – on the gut microbiome and heart health has led to extensive research on the cardioprotective benefits of certain compounds in food.
Natto, a traditional Japanese food product made from fermented whole soybeans, is associated with promoting cardiovascular health and is believed to contribute to the longevity of Japanese people. Nattokinase, the most active ingredient of natto, displays various cardioprotective effects and is emerging as a promising alternative in responding to adverse cardiovascular health conditions.* This post discusses the association between nattokinase and heart health and why you should consider adding an advanced nattokinase supplement to your diet. Use the links below to jump ahead to different topics on the page.

What is Nattokinase?

In Japan, natto, or fermented soybeans, is often served as a breakfast food with rice. It is a so-called “superfood” and has a distinct smell, texture, and nutty flavor. Nattokinase is produced by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of soybeans. The traditional process of fermenting soybeans to make natto uses the bacterial strain as the starter. Nattokinase was first extracted from fermented soybeans in 1987. 

Natto is also a rich source of vitamins, proteins, minerals, and dietary fibers. Recent research has established that nattokinase has several beneficial cardiovascular effects, including a strong fibrinolytic activity that helps maintain optimal clot formation.* Nattokinase can also help slow down the formation and growth of undesirable clotting (thrombolytic activity), thereby promoting heart health. Additionally, nattokinase has been found to have lipid-lowering and neuroprotective effects.

Pharmacologic Effects of Nattokinase 

Nattokinase is a single polypeptide chain of 275 amino acids. The following table highlights the pharmacologic effects of nattokinase that contribute to its potential health benefits.

Pharmacologic Effects of Nattokinase
It helps maintain optimal clotting (fibrinolytic effect).*	Fibrin is an insoluble protein produced in response to bleeding and helps stop bleeding by forming blood clots. Although fibrin is critical to wound healing and repair, an excess of it poses a risk of forming blood clots that could adversely affect heart or brain functions.  Nattokinase degrades fibrin directly, as well as indirectly by increasing the release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)—an enzyme that converts plasminogen into its active form, plasmin, which breaks down blood clots.*1  Nattokinase also activates other fibrinolytic enzymes, such as pro-urokinase.*
It helps prevent unwanted blood clots from forming (antithrombotic effect).*	Thrombosis is the forming of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel that can obstruct the blood flow. In an animal study, the thrombolytic activity of nattokinase was found to be stronger than that of other thrombolytic agents, such as plasmin or elastase.*2
It mitigates oxidative stress (antioxidant effect).*	Nattokinase has been reported to exert beneficial cardiovascular effects by helping to3 maintain a healthy inflammatory response.*
It limits lipid peroxidation and enhances lipid metabolism (lipid-enhancing effects).*	Nattokinase’s direct antioxidant effect inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), reduces lipid peroxidation, and enhances lipid metabolism.*4
It exerts neuroprotective effects.*	The neuroprotective effect of nattokinase is associated with its ability to relax vascular smooth muscle, protect endothelial cells through enhanced fibrinolytic activity, and facilitate thrombolysis.*5

Nattokinase and Heart Health 

The pharmacogenic effects of nattokinase promote a healthy cardiovascular system.* The following table highlights how nattokinase benefits heart health.*

Nattokinase and Heart Health
It helps maintain healthy blood pressure.* Angiotensin II, a hypertensive peptide hormone, causes the muscular walls of small arteries to constrict, which increases blood pressure. Nattokinase has been found to suppress angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) — a key enzyme responsible for the production of angiotensin II.*6
It helps maintain smooth and healthy arteries. Nattokinase’s thrombolytic activity is associated with helping to maintain smooth and healthy blood vessels.*7
It helps maintain healthy platelet activity.* Nattokinase exhibits beneficial activity in helping to maintain the optimal function of platelets in the blood.*8
It helps improve lipid metabolism. In a clinical study on the effect of nattokinase on individuals with an excess of fat or lipids in the blood, nattokinase helped maintain healthy lipid levels and lipid metabolism.*9

Nattokinase As A Nutritional Supplement

Nattokinase supplements are widely used to enhance circulation.* The convenience of oral intake of nattokinase is a distinct advantage over thrombolytic agents that are injectable and might cause adverse side effects, such as bleeding. 

Commercial nattokinase production optimizes fermentation conditions, including temperature, pH, and fermentation time, to maximize the yield of nattokinase produced by the bacteria. The ease of mass production of the enzyme makes it relatively inexpensive, making nattokinase an economically viable nutritional supplement.
Natto is a rich source of vitamin K2 (MK-7), an essential nutrient that inhibits calcium accumulation in the blood vessels. However, some commercial nattokinase supplements might not contain vitamin K2 when the enzyme is extracted from the natto. In a clinical study, the co-supplementation of nattokinase with vitamin K2 and aspirin exerted synergistic effects in enhancing the enzyme’s lipid-benefiting effects.*¹⁰ In a rabbit study, co-supplementation of nattokinase with red ginseng was found to benefit cardiovascular health.*¹¹

Safety Profile of Nattokinase

Nattokinase has a proven safety profile and a long history of human consumption. Toxicology studies and several Good Laboratory Practice-compliant studies in rodents and humans have established the safety of the oral consumption of nattokinase.¹² 

1. Toxicity studies in rats: In 28-day and 90-day subchronic toxicity studies in rats at doses up to 1,000 mg/ kg/ day, nattokinase was found to be non-mutagenic and non-clastogenic.   

2. Toxicity studies in humans: No adverse effects were observed in humans following four weeks of nattokinase consumption at a daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 28 days. 

The collective data from various studies confirm nattokinase is safe for oral intake with minimal or no toxicologic concerns. 

However, limited data exist on the potential drug interactions and contraindications of nattokinase. Because concurrent use of multiple drugs is common among individuals experiencing cardiovascular conditions, it is recommended to consult with your health-care provider before including a nattokinase supplement in your diet. 

Advanced Nattokinase Formulations

Nattokinase’s molecular size is too large for its oral absorption through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, it can be susceptible to chemical oxidation and subsequent inactivation in the GI tract. As a result, the targeted delivery of nattokinase through the oral route is challenging. 

Various nano-delivery methods have been researched and developed to increase the stability and targeted delivery of nattokinase. Advanced formulations utilizing such delivery technologies can achieve the nattokinase’s health-promoting benefits. 
Tesseract Medical Research has developed an innovative nattokinase formulation NattoGuard to support heart health.* The proprietary CyLoc® —DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enhances nattokinase’s bioavailability by protecting it from degradation during transit through the stomach and ensuring its targeted delivery at the desired point in the intestinal tract. The resulting unprecedented absorption and optimal bioavailability make NattoGuard a health-promoting reality.* 

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions About Nattokinase Supplements 

Can I take a nattokinase supplement with a prescription medicine?

The association between nattokinase and heart health is well-researched. Although nattokinase is considered safe for oral intake, its potential contraindications with prescription drugs, such as blood thinners, and resulting side effects are relatively unknown. Consult with a healthcare provider before taking a nattokinase supplement with any prescription medication.    

What should I look for when considering a nattokinase supplement?

A nattokinase supplement formulated for optimal absorption and bioavailability can achieve its cardioprotective benefits.* Always look for a supplement formulation developed through advanced production and purification technologies that follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), including well-designed quality control. With Tesseract’s nutritional supplements, you can be assured of the highest-quality nutrients delivered through cutting-edge delivery systems.

References: 

¹Hsia C-H, et al. Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) vol. 29,3 (2009):190-196. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.009

²Fujita M, et al. Thrombolytic effect of nattokinase . . . . Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol. 18,10 (1995): 1387-1391. doi:10.1248/bpb.18.1387

^3,4Iwai K, et al. Antioxidative functions of natto, a kind of fermented soybeans: effect on LDL oxidation and lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol. 50,12 (2002):3597-3601. doi:10.1021/jf0117199

⁵Ji H, et al. Mechanisms of nattokinase . . . . European Journal of Pharmacology vol. 745 (2014):144-151. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.024

⁶Okamoto A, et al. “. . . [S]ubstances in fermented soybean, natto. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) vol. 47,1 (1995):39-47. doi:10.1007/BF01088165

⁷Suzuki Y, et al. Dietary supplementation of fermented soybean, natto, . . . . Life Sciences vol. 73,10 (2003):1289-1298. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00426-0

⁸Jang J-Y, et al. Nattokinase improves blood flow . . . . Laboratory Animal Research vol. 29,4 (2013):221-225. doi:10.5625/lar.2013.29.4.221

⁹Ren NN, et al. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi vol. 97,26 (2017):2038-2042. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.26.005

¹⁰Chen H, et al. “. . . [N]attokinase: A clinical study with 1,062 participants.” Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine vol. 9 964977. 22 Aug. 2022, doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.964977

¹¹Kang, Shin-Jyung, Yunsook Lim, Ae-Jung Kim. Korean red ginseng combined with nattokinase  . . . .” Food Science and Biotechnology 23 (2014):283-287.

¹²L BJ, English JC. Toxicological assessment of nattokinase derived from Bacillus subtilis var. natto. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association vol. 88 (2016):87-99. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.025

When considering building a supplement routine, the first question that often comes to mind is which nutritional supplements can be taken together. Commercially available nutritional supplements can contain various nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals. You might have heard about the synergistic relationship between certain nutrients that can enhance their health-promoting benefits. However, there are risks associated with mixing certain nutrients because of potential contraindications, adverse side effects, and interactions with other supplements or medications. 

Here’s what you should know about which supplements can be taken together to promote various health functions and overall well-being. Use the links below to jump ahead to a topic of interest.

Nutrient Synergy: The Basis of Co-Supplementation 

Nutrient synergy is the dynamic interaction between different nutrients in the body, where their combined effect is more beneficial than their individual contributions.

The concept of co-supplementation is to achieve nutrient synergy — when the combined benefits of two or more nutrients have a more significant physiological impact on the body than when each nutrient is consumed individually. Nutrition science traditionally focuses on isolating single nutrients to study their effects. For example, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) you see on product labels provide guidelines to prevent a nutrient deficiency or an excessive intake, but they are not designed to assess the potential synergistic effects of consuming nutrients together. Nevertheless, it is recognized that nutrients interact in complex ways, and their combined intake can have important additive effects.  

For example, human trials demonstrate that combining the various B vitamins (vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6) helps lower homocysteine levels, which promotes optimal brain and cardiovascular functions.¹ Similarly, co-supplementation of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and vitamin E has been shown to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol².

There is growing evidence that certain nutrients are more effective when consumed together than when consumed alone. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of nutrient synergy can develop dietary strategies to support various health functions.  

What Supplements Can Be Taken Together?

A nutrient-rich, balanced diet should ideally provide all the nutrients a person needs. However, the reason for taking nutritional supplements is to fill the nutrient gaps in your diet. Multi-vitamin/multi-mineral supplements are among the most commonly used supplements to address the body’s nutrient needs. Additionally, botanical ingredients, such as curcumin, CoQ10, and berberine, have gained popularity as supplements. 

The following table highlights some supplements that can be taken together to achieve their beneficial effects.  

What Supplements Can Be Taken Together: An Overview
Vitamin C and Iron: Iron supports the production of red blood cells and is a component of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Iron is also involved in enzymatic reactions that produce cellular energy. Vitamin C, as an antioxidant, enhances iron absorption from plant-based food sources and supplements.3
Vitamin D and Calcium: Vitamin D maintains calcium homeostasis for optimal skeletal health. It is also recognized for extraskeletal functions, such as immune function. A minimum 25(OH)D (vitamin D3) level of 32 ng/mL is necessary for achieving optimal intestinal absorption of calcium.4
Vitamin D and Magnesium: Magnesium must be present for the body to metabolize vitamin D. But taking too large doses of vitamin D can induce severe magnesium depletion. Co-supplementation of vitamin D and magnesium is more effective in enhancing serum 25(OH)D concentrations.5
Vitamin D and Probiotics: There is emerging evidence that combined supplementation of vitamin D and probiotics benefits the gut microbiota. Co-supplementation with vitamin D and probiotics has been found to enhance metabolic parameters, including insulin sensitivity and antioxidative capacity.6
Vitamin B12, Folate, and Vitamin B6: Co-supplementation of these three B vitamins has been found to lower homocysteine levels and slow the progression of brain matter loss.7
Vitamin D3 and Vitamin K2: Calcium supplementation, especially at higher doses, may lead to vascular calcification and increase cardiovascular risk. Co-supplementation of vitamin D3 and vitamin K has been found to facilitate proper deposition of calcium in bones and teeth instead of arteries.8
Omega 3 fatty acids and Alpha Lipoic Acid: A clinical trial has shown that taking an omega 3 fatty acid and alpha lipoic acid together promotes brain functions and slows down cognitive and functional decline.8
Curcumin and Quercetin: The antioxidant effects of curcumin and quercetin in combination, have been found to promote wound healing by stimulating the migration of fibroblasts to the wound site.9
Quercetin and Magnesium: The free radical scavenging activity of quercetin increases after its complexation with magnesium (Mg(+2)) cation.10
Glutathione and CoQ10: Glutathione is the body’s master antioxidant. Combined with CoQ10, it can enhance antioxidant capacity to address oxidative stress

Supplements You Should Avoid Taking With Medications

A significant concern about consuming nutritional supplements together is the potential interactions between supplements and other ingested substances, such as other nutritional supplements, conventional foods, and prescription medications. The following are some possible interactions between supplement ingredients, medications, and other nutrients.¹¹

• Direct chemical-chemical interactions: The formation of chemical-chemical complexes can modify the action of one or both compounds. Such interactions typically result after ingesting both compounds in a relatively short time.   

• Pharmacodynamic interactions: These interactions change the response to either the nutritional supplement’s ingredient or the chemical present in a drug or food, such as an additive or coloring agent, even when there is no change in the plasma concentration of either compound.   

• Pharmacokinetic interactions: In these interactions, one substance affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another substance, resulting in altered levels of one of the substances or its metabolites. 

The following are various nutrients, when taken in supplement form, that can affect the efficacy of prescription medications. 

• Calcium, magnesium, and zinc: When taken as supplements, these nutrients can impact the efficacy of the antibiotic tetracycline.¹²

• Potassium: It can cause interactions with anti-hypertensive drugs, including angiotensin II receptor blockers.¹³

• Calcium and Vitamin D: These nutrients when taken as supplements can interact with thiazides (prescribed as diuretics to address high blood pressure), causing hypercalcemia and metabolic alkalosis.   

• Vitamin K, ginkgo biloba, and CoQ10: When taken as supplements, these nutrients can reduce the efficacy of the blood thinner medication warfarin in preventing blood from clotting.  

• Antioxidant supplements: Vitamins C and E can reduce the efficacy of some types of cancer chemotherapy. 

• St. John’s Wort: This botanical supplement can increase the breakdown of several medications, adversely impacting their efficacy.  

• Goldenseal: The compound berberine in goldenseal can interact with blood thinners, such as warfarin. 

Consulting With Your Doctor Before Taking Supplements Together

Most patients do not disclose their supplement usage to their doctors. However, it is critical to consult with your healthcare provider to learn about the potential benefits and side effects of supplements before including them in your diet. Before taking two or more nutritional supplements together or taking them with prescription medications, you should: 

• Make sure you discuss the supplement dosages with your doctor.  

• Consult before taking any additional supplements beyond a standard prenatal supplement if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. 

• Consult before planning surgery, because some nutritional supplements can interact with the medications that are prescribed before, after, or during surgery.  

Selecting Advanced Supplement Formulations Based on Their Efficacy and Safety

Efficacy of Supplement Formulations

The efficacy of a nutritional supplement depends on how well its nutrients are absorbed and how the formulation enhances their bioavailability. Certain nutrients, such as glutathione and curcumin, are considered to be difficult-to-absorb molecules. Therefore, nanodelivery of such nutrients through carriers, such as cyclodextrins, has been found to enhance both their absorption and bioavailability, thereby tapping their health-promoting benefits. 

Tesseract’s Supplements Formulated with Multiple Proven Nutrients 

Tesseract Medical Research has formulated a wide range of nutritional supplements with multiple proven nutrients that promote various health functions. Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology enables the delivery of active nutrient molecules through the gastrointestinal tract — one palatable molecule at a time. CyLoc® technology encases each molecule and creates nano-sized particles, thereby protecting them from breaking down during transit through the stomach. DexKey® technology accompanies each CyLoc® molecule and releases it at the desired point in the intestinal tract for maximum absorption and effectiveness. 

The unprecedented optimal absorption of nutrient molecules in the gastrointestinal tract enables micro-dosing, which means using a lesser amount of the active ingredients in supplement formulations than previously required.

Safety of Supplement Formulations

When considering which supplements can be taken together, remember that not all supplements marketed as ‘natural’ are safe. Even when a supplement contains plant-derived compounds, it is essential to know how the ingredients have been formulated to ensure their safety. If a formulation does not contain the right amount of ingredients, then it can cause adverse side effects.  

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has established Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) that manufacturers should follow to ensure the purity, strength, and composition of their nutritional supplements. At Tesseract Medical Research, we are committed to GMPs. We utilize the most appropriate and scientifically advanced analytical techniques and a well-designed quality control system to develop the finest-quality nutritional supplements.

^1,7VITATOPS Trial Study Group. The VITATOPS (Vitamins to Prevent Stroke) Trial: rationale and design of an international, large, simple, randomised trial of homocysteine-lowering multivitamin therapy in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke.” Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 13,2 (2002):120-126. doi:10.1159/000047761

²Izadi A, et al. Independent and additive effects of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E on cardiometabolic outcomes and visceral adiposity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Archives of Medical Research vol. 50,2 (2019):1-10. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.04.004

³Lynch SR, Cook JD. Interaction of vitamin C and iron. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 355 (1980):32-44. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb21325.x

⁴Khazai N, et al. Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health. Current Rheumatology Reports vol. 10,2 (2008):110-117. doi:10.1007/s11926-008-0020-y

⁵Cheung MM, et al. The effect of combined magnesium and vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status, systemic inflammation, and blood pressure: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) vol. 99-100 (2022):111674. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111674

⁶Abboud M, et al. The health effects of vitamin D and probiotic co-supplementation: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients vol. 13,1 111. 30 Dec. 2020, doi:10.3390/nu13010111

⁷Aaseth, Jan O et al. “The Importance of Vitamin K and the Combination of Vitamins K and D for Calcium Metabolism and Bone Health: A Review.” Nutrients vol. 16,15 2420. 25 Jul. 2024, doi:10.3390/nu16152420

⁸Shinto L, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial of omega-3 fatty acids and alpha lipoic acid in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 38,1 (2014):111-120. doi:10.3233/JAD-130722

⁹Chittasupho C, et al. Effects of quercetin and curcumin combination on antibacterial, antioxidant, in vitro wound healing and migration of human dermal fibroblast cells.” International Journal of Molecular Cciences vol. 23,1 142. 23 Dec. 2021, doi:10.3390/ijms23010142

¹⁰Ghosh N, et al. Synthesis, characterization and study of antioxidant activity of quercetin-magnesium complex. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy vol. 151 (2015):807-813. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.050

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¹²Bushra R, et al. Food-drug interactions. Oman Medical Journal vol. 26,2 (2011):77-83. doi:10.5001/omj.2011.21

¹³Sica D A. Antihypertensive therapy and its effects on potassium homeostasis. Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) vol. 8,1 (2006):67-73. doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.05139.x

Article Summary:

• Quercetin and magnesium are both known for their beneficial effects in promoting immune function and cardiovascular health.* 
• Various studies have established the beneficial effects of supplementing with quercetin and magnesium. 
• Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery technology enables optimal absorption and bioavailability of quercetin and magnesium. 

Are you considering boosting your health and wellness with a combination of quercetin and magnesium supplements? Both of these nutrients have been individually linked to a variety of health benefits, and together, they may offer even more powerful effects.* Naturally, quercetin and magnesium are often found together, especially in foods like onions. Onions, in particular, are a major source of quercetin with 100 grams of raw onion containing between 28.4 – 48.6 mg of quercetin. Along with quercetin, raw onions are an excellent source of vitamin C, which play a key role in supporting immune health. 

But can quercetin and magnesium be effectively and safely combined in supplements? This post explains the potential benefits of taking quercetin and magnesium together, examining the evidence that suuports their synergistic effects. We will also explore why choosing advanced supplement formulations may be an effective way to include these nutrients in your diet and how they can contribute to overall health and wellness.  

Understanding the Combined Effects of Quercetin and Magnesium   

Beneficial Effects of Quercetin

Quercetin, one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids, is well known for its antioxidant properties and its ability to help maintain the body’s natural inflammatory response processes.* Due to its potent antioxidant activity, quercetin plays a role in scavenging free radicals to protect cellular components from oxidative stress.* 

This flavonoid inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines and leukotrienes, downregulates the release of histamine, and enhances the balance between T-helper cells to address adverse immune responses.* Quercetin also exerts cardioprotective effects, including beneficial effects on blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and endothelial function.*

Beneficial Effects of Magnesium

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant positively-charged ion in the body. Magnesium is a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions and facilitates the active transport of calcium and potassium ions across cell membranes. It also plays a beneficial role in the formation of bones, proteins, several enzymes, and cellular components, such as mitochondria, DNA, and RNA.*  

Magnesium is crucial to various immunological functions, including the activation of immune cells (T helper, B cell, and macrophages), lymphocyte proliferation, and immune cell adherence.* In the heart, magnesium exerts beneficial activity on neuronal excitation and intracardiac conduction, and regulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells.*

Combined Beneficial Effects of Quercetin and Magnesium

Several studies have explored the potential benefits of taking quercetin and magnesium together and have established the therapeutic effects of the co-supplementation. The following table highlights several such studies.  

Studies Exploring the Combined Beneficial Effects of Quercetin and Magnesium
Combined effects of quercetin and magnesium in addressing metabolic syndrome: A Chinese study on adults revealed that a higher intake of flavonoids, including quercetin and luteolin, combined with a high level of magnesium, was strongly associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome.1
Antioxidant activity of quercetin-magnesium complex: A 2015 study investigating the activity of a complexed formation of quercetin and magnesium found that the free radical scavenging activity of quercetin was enhanced after being complexed with magnesium Mg(+2)) cation.*2

Quercetin has a low chemical stability and an inherent metal-chelating ability. Novel approaches to enhance its biological activity at a lower concentration include forming a quercetin complex with magnesium-doped calcium silicate ceramic that improves bone regeneration.*³

Can I take Quercetin and Magnesium Together? Key Considerations for Co-supplementation

Can I take quercetin and magnesium supplements together? Yes, you can. However, you should consider the following factors before including two or more nutritional supplements in your diet:

• Consult with your healthcare provider: You should always consult your healthcare practitioner before beginning to take any nutritional supplement or including two or more nutritional supplements in your diet. Your healthcare practitioner knows your medical history and can analyze any potential contraindications of these supplement ingredients with prescription medicines you are taking.  

• Understanding the efficacy of supplement formulations: The absorption and bioavailability of a supplement’s ingredients determine the supplement’s effectiveness. Not all supplements are formulated alike. Advanced supplements that utilize nanotechnology for targeted delivery of their active ingredients’ molecules enable optimal absorption of the nutrients to achieve their health-promoting benefits. 

Tesseract Medical Research has developed an innovative quercetin formulation that promotes healthy immune function and good cardiovascular health.* Tesseract’s proprietary CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology ensures the delivery of quercetin molecules at the desired point in the intestinal tract to maximize absorption. Unprecedented absorption enables micro-dosing; that is, using less quercetin than previously required to achieve the desired health benefits.

¹Jin S, et al. The association of dietary flavonoids, magnesium and their interactions with the metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study. The British Journal of Nutrition vol. 126,6 (2021):892-902. doi:10.1017/S0007114520004754

²Ghosh N, et al. Synthesis, characterization and study of antioxidant activity of quercetin-magnesium complex. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy vol. 151 (2015):807-813. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.050

³Preethi AM, Bellare, JR. Concomitant effect of quercetin- and magnesium-doped calcium silicate on the osteogenic . . . activity of scaffolds for bone regeneration. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 10,10 1170. 27 Sep. 2021, doi:10.3390/antibiotics10101170

Article Summary:

• Glutathione and CoQ10 are important nutrients that promote the normal functioning of cells and protect cellular components against oxidative stress.*
• Several studies that explored the combined effects of glutathione and CoQ10 established their role in enhancing the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms.* 
• Tesseract’s proprietary nutrient delivery technology enables optimal absorption and bioavailability of glutathione and CoQ10 to help achieve their health and wellness benefits.   

Oxidative stress occurs when the body’s natural antioxidant defenses are insufficient to neutralize its free radical load. This imbalance is a key underlying contributor to several health ailments adversely affecting various organs in the body. Elevated levels of oxidative stress could indicate a greater need for antioxidant supplementation. 

Glutathione, a tripeptide known as the body’s master antioxidant, is a critical molecule that helps the liver to detoxify, neutralizes free radicals, acts as a co-factor for several antioxidant enzymes, and is vital to mitochondrial function.*

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 or ubiquinone) is a fat-soluble molecule that facilitates the transfer of  electrons within the mitochondrial oxidative respiratory chain to produce cellular energy (ATP). CoQ10 also enhances the production of vital antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, to mitigate oxidative stress.* Furthermore, CoQ10 can lower lipid peroxidation levels by inhibiting pro-oxidative compounds.*   

Both nutrients have immense therapeutic potential. The question can be asked whether glutathione and CoQ10 can be taken together, and the answer is yes. This post discusses the benefits of taking them together as supplements, supported by several studies that establish their synergistic effects. 

Studies Exploring the Combined Effects of Glutathione and CoQ10 Supplementation

The body has several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms that scavenge free radicals (also called reactive oxygen species, or ROS). The major antioxidative enzymes in the enzymatic mechanism are glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD-1). The beneficial influence of CoQ10 on the activities of these two antioxidative enzymes to lower the level of ROS underscores the idea of taking CoQ10 and glutathione together. 

The following table highlights several studies that explore the combined beneficial health effects of glutathione and CoQ10.*

Combined Effects of Glutathione and CoQ10
Combined effects of glutathione and CoQ10 on reproductive health: In a randomized clinical trial, 83 infertile males were administered a combined supplementation of CoQ10, glutathione, l-carnitine/acetyl-l-carnitine, l-arginine, zinc, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, and selenium. The combined effects of the supplements enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics to improve sperm quality.1
Combined effects of CoQ10 and glutathione against lipid peroxidation: The unsaturated lipid peroxidation by ROS yields highly reactive lipid peroxyl radicals that can be neutralized by vitamin E (α-tocopherol). CoQ10 (ubiquinol) helps generate α-tocopherol antioxidant activity. The intermediate compound of these reactions (ubisemiquinone), further reacts with oxygen molecules or oxidizes further to the fully oxidized ubiquinone that does not react with oxygen. Reduced glutathione, NADP (an electron carrier), and other antioxidants, such as vitamin C, regenerate the oxidized CoQ10 (ubiquinone) and α-tocopherol and maintain their reduction states.*2

Ongoing research continues to explore the synergistic effects of glutathione and CoQ10. Although some studies remain inconclusive, the beneficial effects of glutathione and CoQ10 to enhance the body’s antioxidant defense system have been established.  

Can I Take Glutathione and CoQ10 Together? Factors to Consider 

Can glutathione and CoQ10 supplements be taken together? The answer is yes. However, when co-adminstering, the efficacy and safety of the supplement formulation should be considered. 

• The efficacy of a supplement formulation is determined by the absorption and bioavailability of its ingredients. Nano-delivery of supplement ingredients by cyclodextrins, a type of stabilizing carrier, has been found to optimize both their absorption and their solubility. Advanced formulations utilizing such nutrient delivery achieve the health-promoting benefits of the nutrients. 

• The safety of a supplement is equally crucial and is reflected in the manufacturing practices used to make the supplement. Nutritional supplements formulated with the optimal amount of active ingredients best achieve the desired therapeutic objective without causing adverse side effects. 

Tesseract Medical Research has developed glutathione and CoQ10 formulations that incorporate the advanced CyLoc® – DexKey® nutrient delivery nanotechnology. Molecules such as glutathione are naturally difficult to absorb, while supplemental CoQ10 has traditionally exhibited limited natural bioavailability. Using the Tesseract proprietary technology to deliver these nutrients at the desired point in the intestinal tract achieves optimal absorption. In addition, the unprecedented absorption of active nutrients enables micro-dosing —  using a lesser amount of ingredients than previously required to achieve the desired therapeutic outcomes. 

Tesseract combines the highest-quality nutrients with cutting-edge delivery systems to better support health and wellness. Tesseract follows Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), including scientifically advanced analytical techniques and quality control systems, to ensure the efficacy and safety of its supplement formulations. 

¹Kopets R, et al. Dietary supplementation with a novel l-carnitine multi-micronutrient in idiopathic male subfertility involving oligo-, astheno-, teratozoospermia: A randomized clinical study. Andrology vol. 8,5 (2020): 1184-1193. doi:10.1111/andr.12805

²Turunen M, et al. Metabolism and function of coenzyme Q. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta vol. 1660,1-2 (2004):171-199. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.11.012